scholarly journals Changing Deep-Rooted Implicit Evaluation in the Blink of an Eye: Negative Verbal Information Shifts Automatic Liking of Gandhi

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter Van Dessel ◽  
Yang Ye ◽  
Jan De Houwer
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Negative Information ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Verbal Information ◽  
Evaluative Priming ◽  
Attitude Object ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
The Face ◽  
Affect Misattribution Procedure

It is often assumed that, once established, spontaneous or implicit evaluations are resistant to immediate change. Recent research contradicts this theoretical stance, showing that a person’s implicit evaluations of an attitude object can be changed rapidly in the face of new counterattitudinal information. Importantly, it remains unknown whether such changes can also occur for deep-rooted implicit evaluations of well-known attitude objects. We address this question by examining whether the acquisition of negative information changes implicit evaluations of a well-known positive historic figure: Mahatma Gandhi. We report three experiments showing rapid changes in implicit evaluations of Gandhi as measured with an affect misattribution procedure and evaluative priming task but not with an implicit association test (IAT). These findings suggest that implicit evaluations based on deep-rooted representations are subjective to rapid changes in the face of expectancy-violating information while pointing to limitations of the IAT for assessing such changes.

scholarly journals The Affect Misattribution Procedure

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Teige-Mocigemba ◽  
Manuel Becker ◽  
Jeffrey W. Sherman ◽  
Regina Reichardt ◽  
Karl Christoph Klauer
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Evaluative Priming ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Affect Misattribution Procedure ◽  
Small Sample Sizes

Abstract. The Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP) has been forwarded as one of the most promising alternatives to the Implicit Association Test and the evaluative-priming task for measuring attitudes such as prejudice indirectly. We investigated whether the AMP is indeed able to detect an evaluative out-group bias. In contrast to recent conclusions about the robustness of AMP effects, six out of seven pilot studies indicated that participants did not show any prejudice effects in the AMP. Yet, these pilot studies were not fully conclusive with regard to our research question because they investigated different domains of prejudice, used small sample sizes, and employed a modified AMP version. In a preregistered, high-powered AMP study, we therefore examined whether the standard AMP does reveal prejudice against Turks, the biggest minority in Germany, and found a significant, albeit very small prejudice effect. We discuss possible reasons for the AMP’s weak sensitivity to evaluations in socially sensitive domains.

scholarly journals Illusory-Correlation Effects on Implicit and Explicit Evaluation

2020 ◽  
pp. 014616722097770
Author(s):  
Pieter Van Dessel ◽  
Kate Ratliff ◽  
Skylar M. Brannon ◽  
Bertram Gawronski ◽  
Jan De Houwer
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Correlation Effects ◽  
Illusory Correlation ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Affect Misattribution Procedure ◽  
Majority Groups ◽  
Controlled Evaluation ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Research suggests that people sometimes perceive a relationship between stimuli when no such relationship exists (i.e., illusory correlation). Illusory-correlation effects are thought to play a central role in the formation of stereotypes and evaluations of minority versus majority groups, often leading to less favorable impressions of minorities. Extant theories differ in terms of whether they attribute illusory-correlation effects to processes operating during learning (belief formation) or measurement (belief expression), and whether different evaluation measures should be differentially sensitive to illusory-correlation effects. Past research found mixed evidence for dissociative effects of illusory-correlation manipulations on measures of implicit (i.e., automatic) and explicit (i.e., controlled) evaluation. Four high-powered studies obtained illusory-correlation effects on explicit evaluations, but not implicit evaluations probed with an Implicit Association Test, Evaluative Priming Task, and Affect Misattribution Procedure. The results are consistent with theories that attribute illusory-correlation effects to processes during belief expression.

Matters Order: The Role of Information Order on Implicit Impression Formation

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Fourakis ◽  
Jeremy Cone
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Information Order ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Test Study ◽  
Affect Misattribution Procedure ◽  
Role Of Information

A classic finding in the person perception literature is that information order is an important factor in the impressions we form of others. But how does order influence the formation of implicit evaluations? In three preregistered experiments including nearly 900 participants, we find evidence for a strong primacy effect even at the implicit level. This occurred on an affect misattribution procedure (Study 1), an evaluative priming task (Study 2), and an implicit association test (Study 3). These findings suggest that, just as explicit impressions are susceptible to primacy effects, so too are implicit ones. Implications for theories of evaluative conditioning and attitudes are discussed.

scholarly journals The Mere Exposure Instruction Effect

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 299-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter Van Dessel ◽  
Gaëtan Mertens ◽  
Colin Tucker Smith ◽  
Jan De Houwer
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Mere Exposure ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Mere Exposure Effect ◽  
Exposure Effect ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Instruction Effect ◽  
Affect Misattribution Procedure ◽  
Instruction Effects

Abstract. The mere exposure effect refers to the well-established finding that people evaluate a stimulus more positively after repeated exposure to that stimulus. We investigated whether a change in stimulus evaluation can occur also when participants are not repeatedly exposed to a stimulus, but are merely instructed that one stimulus will occur frequently and another stimulus will occur infrequently. We report seven experiments showing that (1) mere exposure instructions influence implicit stimulus evaluations as measured with an Implicit Association Test (IAT), personalized Implicit Association Test (pIAT), or Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP), but not with an Evaluative Priming Task (EPT), (2) mere exposure instructions influence explicit evaluations, and (3) the instruction effect depends on participants’ memory of which stimulus will be presented more frequently. We discuss how these findings inform us about the boundary conditions of mere exposure instruction effects, as well as the mental processes that underlie mere exposure and mere exposure instruction effects.

Instruction-Based Approach-Avoidance Effects

2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter Van Dessel ◽  
Jan De Houwer ◽  
Anne Gast ◽  
Colin Tucker Smith
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Avoidance Training ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Approach And Avoidance ◽  
Evaluative Priming ◽  
Blacks And Whites ◽  
Approach Avoidance ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures

Prior research suggests that repeatedly approaching or avoiding a certain stimulus changes the liking of this stimulus. We investigated whether these effects of approach and avoidance training occur also when participants do not perform these actions but are merely instructed about the stimulus-action contingencies. Stimulus evaluations were registered using both implicit (Implicit Association Test and evaluative priming) and explicit measures (valence ratings). Instruction-based approach-avoidance effects were observed for relatively neutral fictitious social groups (i.e., Niffites and Luupites), but not for clearly valenced well-known social groups (i.e., Blacks and Whites). We conclude that instructions to approach or avoid stimuli can provide sufficient bases for establishing both implicit and explicit evaluations of novel stimuli and discuss several possible reasons for why similar instruction-based approach-avoidance effects were not found for valenced well-known stimuli.

Reliability of Implicit Self–Esteem Measures Revisited

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha Krause ◽  
Mitja D. Back ◽  
Boris Egloff ◽  
Stefan C. Schmukle
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Response Window ◽  
Scoring Algorithm ◽  
Affective Priming Task ◽  
Reliability Coefficients

This study investigated the internal consistencies and temporal stabilities of different implicit self–esteem measures. Participants ( N = 101) responded twice—with a time lag of 4 weeks—to five different tasks: the Implicit Association Test (IAT), the Brief Implicit Association Test (BIAT), the Affective Priming Task (APT), the Identification–Extrinsic Affective Simon Task (ID–EAST) and the Name–Letter Task (NLT). As expected, the highest reliability coefficients were obtained for the self–esteem IAT. Importantly, the internal consistencies and the temporal stabilities of the APT, the ID–EAST, and the NLT were substantially improved by using material, structural, and analytic innovations. In particular, the use of the adaptive response–window procedure for the APT, the computation of error scores for the ID–EAST, and the computation of a double corrected scoring algorithm for the NLT yielded reliability coefficients comparable to those of the established IAT. Implications for the indirect assessment of self–esteem are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

scholarly journals A Comparison of the Sensitivity of Four Indirect Evaluation Measures to Evaluative Information

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoav Bar-Anan ◽  
Brian A. Nosek
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Dependent Measure ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Total N ◽  
Evaluation Measures ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Affect Misattribution Procedure ◽  
Indirect Evaluation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Research Efficiency

Indirect evaluation measures are used as a dependent measure to assess the impact of experimental interventions on shifting pre-existing attitudes or creating new attitudes. In four experiments (total N = 13,894), we compared the sensitivity of four indirect evaluation measures to evaluative information about two novel targets. Evaluative sensitivity was strongest for the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Other measures were more similar in their sensitivity, but the pattern, from stronger to the weakest was the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP), the Sorting Paired Features (SPF), and then Evaluative Priming task (EPT). To the extent that these findings are generalizable to related research applications, these results suggest that the measures differ in their research efficiency (power). For example, to achieve 80% power to detect the evaluative learning effect in the present studies, direct self-report would require 10 participants, the IAT 28 participants, the AMP 57, the SPF 79, and the EPT 131.

scholarly journals The Challenge of Diagnostic Inferences From Implicit Measures: The Case of Non-Evaluative Influences in the Evaluative Priming Paradigm

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. s208-s222
Author(s):  
Christian Unkelbach ◽  
Klaus Fiedler
Keyword(s):  
Conditional Probability ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Conditional Probabilities ◽  
Evaluative Priming ◽  
Causal Influence ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Prime Target

Implicit measures are diagnostic tools to assess attitudes and evaluations that people cannot or may not want to report. Diagnostic inferences from such tools are subject to asymmetries. We argue that (causal) conditional probabilities p(AM+|A+) of implicitly measured attitudes AM+ given the causal influence of existing attitudes A+ is typically higher than the reverse (diagnostic) conditional probability p(A+|AM+), due to non-evaluative influences on implicit measures. We substantiate this argument with evidence for non-evaluative influences on evaluative priming—specifically, similarity effects reflecting the higher similarity of positive than negative prime-target pairs; integrativity effects based on primes and targets’ potential to form meaningful semantic compounds; and congruity proportion effects that originate in individuals’ decisional strategies. We also cursorily discuss non-evaluative influences in the Implicit Association Test (IAT). These influences not only have implications for the evaluative priming paradigm in particular, but also highlight the intricacies of diagnostic inferences from implicit measures in general.

scholarly journals A Comparison of the Sensitivity of Four Indirect Evaluation Measures to Evaluative Information

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoav Bar-Anan ◽  
Brian A. Nosek
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Dependent Measure ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Total N ◽  
Evaluation Measures ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Affect Misattribution Procedure ◽  
Indirect Evaluation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Research Efficiency

Indirect evaluation measures are used as a dependent measure to assess the impact of experimental interventions on shifting pre-existing attitudes or creating new attitudes. In four experiments (total N = 13,894), we compared the sensitivity of four indirect evaluation measures to evaluative information about two novel targets. Evaluative sensitivity was strongest for the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Other measures were more similar in their sensitivity, but the pattern, from stronger to the weakest was the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP), the Sorting Paired Features (SPF), and then Evaluative Priming task (EPT). To the extent that these findings are generalizable to related research applications, these results suggest that the measures differ in their research efficiency (power). For example, to achieve 80% power to detect the evaluative learning effect in the present studies, direct self-report would require 10 participants, the IAT 28 participants, the AMP 57, the SPF 79, and the EPT 131.

scholarly journals The Impact of Persuasive Messages on IAT Performance is Moderated by Source Attractiveness and Likeability

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 437-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Tucker Smith ◽  
Jan De Houwer
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Persuasive Messages ◽  
New Information ◽  
Affect Misattribution Procedure ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
The Impact

In two studies, participants read persuasive messages introduced by an attractive (Study 1) or likeable (Study 2) source before completing measures of implicit and explicit evaluations. The persuasive messages were in favor of an unfamiliar brand of facial soap (Study 1) and the implementation of comprehensive examinations at the participants’ university (Study 2). Results showed that persuasive messages had a stronger impact on an Implicit Association Test when the source was high in attractiveness or likeability (Study 1 and Study 2); responses on an Affect Misattribution Procedure, though in the predicted direction, were not significantly impacted by a source high in likeability (Study 2). These findings parallel those of numerous studies that, however, have looked almost exclusively at persuasion of explicit evaluations. They confirm that implicit evaluations can be changed through direct persuasive appeals and provide new information about the conditions under which persuasion of implicit evaluations can be found.

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