scholarly journals Scoping review of the rolling resistance testing methods and factors that impact manual wheelchairs

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 205566832098030
Author(s):  
Joseph Ott ◽  
Jonathan Pearlman
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Rear Axle ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Resistance Testing ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Tire Pressure ◽  
Multiple Parameters ◽  
Propulsion Force ◽  
Manual Wheelchairs

Introduction Rolling resistance (RR) is a drag force acting on manual wheelchairs that is associated with increased propulsion force and is linked to secondary disabling conditions of the upper limbs. A scoping review was conducted to understand how RR of manual wheelchairs has been measured and to identify limitations of those test methods and the factors tested. Methods A total of 42 papers were identified and reviewed, and test methods were categorized based on the measurement style of RR, testing level, and if multiple parameters could be tested. Additionally, 34 articles were reviewed for what factors were tested. Results Seven different testing methods categories were identified: drag test, treadmill, motor draw, deceleration, physiological expenditure, ergometer/dynamometer, and robotic test rig. Relevant articles were categorized into testing factor categories: camber, toe, tire type, tire pressure, caster type, mass, mass distribution, and type of surface. Conclusions The variety of testing methods suggests the need for a standardized method that can be used for wheelchair wheel design and selection to reduce RR. It is important to use adjustments, such as a forward rear axle position to mitigate RR as well as using high-pressure pneumatic tires that are properly inflated.

On-Road Evaluation of Energy Cost on Cycling: A Case Study for Analyzing Tire Pressure Influence

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Daniel Roa ◽  
Luis Ernesto Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Energy Cost ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Input Power ◽  
Tire Pressure ◽  
Direct Evaluation ◽  
Multiple Parameters ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Resistance Coefficients

This work presents a methodology for the evaluation of energy cost on cycling through on-road tests. The proposed methodology consists on the measurement of the power delivered by the cyclist on the pedals when riding on a real circuit. The aim of the methodology is to generate indexes for the direct evaluation of the effect on energy cost generated by an arbitrary modification implemented on a bike. The modification can include the variation of multiple parameters. The proposed indexes for the evaluation of the energy cost are the mean input power and the mechanical work per distance during the test. The proposed methodology intends to evaluate the energy cost for a given bike-rider set on a given circuit. A case study is presented for the evaluation of tire pressure influence on energy cost. For the application of the methodology, one cyclist rode on the circuit of interest with a set of different tire pressures. The power delivered by the cyclist was measured on the pedals. Several tests were conducted for each pressure in order to achieve a good level of significance. The results obtained for the case study with the proposed methodology are compared with the results of a method based on rolling resistance coefficients reported in literature.

Development and calibration of drum-based rolling resistance testing machine for manual wheelchair components

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Joseph Ott ◽  
M. Mendel Marcus ◽  
Travis Henderson ◽  
Holly Wilson-Jene ◽  
London Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Testing Machine ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Rotator Cuff Tears ◽  
Resistance Testing ◽  
Tire Pressure ◽  
Manual Wheelchair ◽  
Repetitive Strain Injuries ◽  
Repetitive Strain ◽  
Flat Ground

BACKGROUND: Manual wheelchair users are at a high risk of repetitive strain injuries, carpal tunnel syndrome, and rotator cuff tears due to propelling their wheelchair for mobility. Rolling resistance (RR) is one of the key forces that leads to increased propulsion forces and risk of injuries. OBJECTIVE: To better understand the factors contributing to RR, we iteratively designed, developed, and validated a drum-based testing machine and test method. METHODS: As part of the validation of the system, we tested and compared 4 manual wheelchair wheels under a range of conditions including camber, toe in/out, tire pressure, surfaces, and speed. A treadmill was employed to simulate flat ground RR. RESULTS: A machine was effectively design, developed, and tested to measure RR. Tire type, surfaces, and toe were found to be the largest contributors to RR. Comparison of the drum-based system to flat ground revealed that an offset can be used to calculate overground RR from drum measurements. CONCLUSIONS: Ongoing work includes performing a comprehensive analysis of the degree to which each factor contributes to RR of commonly used casters and rear-wheels so that the wheelchair sector can work to reduce RR and the associated risk of repetitive strain injuries.

Fidelity of J1269 and J24523

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Popio ◽  
John R. Luchini
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reference Condition ◽  
Test Standards

Abstract This study compares data from the two Society of Automotive Engineers test methods for rolling resistance: J-2452 (Stepwise Coast-Down) and J-1269 (Equilibrium) steady state. The ability of the two methods to evaluate tires was examined by collecting data for 12 tires. The data were analyzed and the data showed that the two methods ranked the tires the same after the data were regressed and the rolling resistance magnitude was calculated at the Standard Reference Condition. In addition, analysis of the two methods using this matched set of testing provided an opportunity to evaluate each of these test standards against the other. It was observed that each test has merits absent from the other.

TEST METHODS FOR POLYORGANOSILOXANE COMPOSITIONS USED AS PROTECTIVE COATINGS IN ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ольга Владимировна Неёлова ◽  
Людмила Муратовна Кубалова ◽  
Анна Петровна Деревщикова
Keyword(s):  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Organosilicon Polymer ◽  
Electronic Instrumentation

Представлен обзор по методам испытаний кремний органических полимерных композиций, применяемых в качестве защитных покрытий в современном электронном приборостроении. A review is given of testing methods for organosilicon polymer compositions used as protective coatings in modern electronic instrumentation.

Research the Test Method of the Voltage Transformer Secondary Load in the Three-Phase Three-Wire Electric Energy Metering Device

2014 ◽  
Vol 687-691 ◽  
pp. 3110-3115
Author(s):  
Gu Li ◽  
Zi Ming Fu ◽  
Jie Feng Yan ◽  
Bing Wen Li ◽  
Zhi Rong Cen
Keyword(s):  
Power Supply System ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Voltage Transformer ◽  
Secondary Load ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Energy Metering ◽  
Definition Of

This paper analyzes and studies the definition of the voltage transformer secondary load, examines the practical purposes of the measured values of the voltage transformer secondary load, and presents a variety of testing methods to analyze and compare the differences. This paper gives the test methods of the voltage transformer secondary load when the connection of the voltage transformer is the Y / Y in a three-phase three-wire power supply system, filling the blank of this type of test method in the industry. When other units within the industry carry out such work, the conclusions of this paper are available for reference, and the conclusions of this paper can be referred when drafting relevant regulations in the future.

The Study of Fuel-Saving Technology of GSI

2014 ◽  
Vol 1070-1072 ◽  
pp. 392-397
Author(s):  
Jun Hui Xu ◽  
Ming Qiu Gao ◽  
Ji Qiang Gao ◽  
Xiang Bao
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Fuel Saving ◽  
Pressure Monitoring ◽  
Tire Pressure ◽  
Engine Efficiency ◽  
Tire Pressure Monitoring System ◽  
The Eu

In the background of the main technologies of fuel economy in automobiles developed to a certain stage, it is necessary to reduce fuel consumption and increase the engine efficiency by developing other auxiliary technologies such as improving the ratio of pure energy drive, low rolling resistance tires, tire pressure monitoring system and gear shift indicators (GSI). This article introduces the principle of GSI, analyses how GSI works in improving engine efficiency, and then evaluates the method for determination of the relative saving rate of fuel consumption, which method was introduced in the EU regulation EC No. 65/2012.

Laboratory Tests

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-106
Author(s):  
John G. Bartlett ◽  
Robert R. Redfield ◽  
Paul A. Pham
Keyword(s):  
False Negative ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Resistance Testing ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Molecular Tests ◽  
Testing Strategies ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Confirmatory Tests ◽  
Home Tests

This chapter covers the following topics: HIV viruses including viral variants (group O and group N); immune responses to HIV and detection markers; HIV serologic tests; initial tests to detect HIV antibody; confirmatory tests to detect antibody, antigen, or RNA; false-negative and false-positive results; testing strategies and algorithms; alternative testing strategies for resource-limited countries; home tests; tests that use oral fluids; molecular tests to detect and monitor HIV infection; kinetics of viral nucleic acid production (including qualitative and quantitative RNA tests); HIV DNA assessment; uses of viral load tests; rapid molecular tests; resistance testing (including purpose and scope); resistance test methods; tests for sexually transmitted infections (STIs); screening tests for other infectious agents; and recommended reading.

Scoping review of propelling aids for manual wheelchairs

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed-Amine Choukou ◽  
Krista L. Best ◽  
Maude Potvin-Gilbert ◽  
François Routhier ◽  
Josiane Lettre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Manual Wheelchairs
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