In Vitro Skin Permeation Methodology for Over-The-Counter Topical Dermatologic Products

2019 ◽  
pp. 216847901987533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke Oh ◽  
Sojeong Yi ◽  
Da Zhang ◽  
Soo Hyeon Shin ◽  
Edward Bashaw
Keyword(s):  
Product Life Cycle ◽  
Skin Permeation ◽  
Systemic Exposure ◽  
Skin Permeability ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
In Vitro Permeation ◽  
In Vitro Skin Permeation ◽  
Study Sites

For topically applied over-the-counter (OTC) products, the association of unwanted systemic exposure and adverse events may be difficult to ascertain without a recognition or determination of in vivo absorption. Evaluation of skin permeability using a validated in vitro permeation methodology can provide important information for both initial formulation selection and reformulation during the product life cycle. Additionally, a comparison of permeation rates between formulations using a validated methodology could reduce the number of nonclinical studies needed as part of reformulation. However, many in vitro permeation tests (IVPTs) have produced results with high variability and low reproducibility between study sites. It is unclear if this is due to a lack of a standardized protocol, or lack of control of multiple key experimental factors including skin source, preparation, receptor fluid, and study design. This review presents the authors perspective on the potential regulatory utility of IVPT and proposes steps to improve the accuracy and reproducibility of IVPT. The focus of this review is on topical dermatologic drugs with an initial emphasis on the OTC marketplace where reformulations are more common.

Formulation and Characterization of Transethosomes for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of Propranolol Hydrochloride

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lalit Kumar ◽  
Puneet Utreja
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Skin Permeation ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Prolonged Release ◽  
Propranolol Hydrochloride ◽  
Oral Tablet ◽  
In Vitro Skin Permeation ◽  
Oral Propranolol

Objective: The objective of the present work was to develop transethosomes loaded with propranolol hydrochloride using Lipoid S100 as phospholipid, and oleic acid as permeation enhancer and evaluate them for prolonged release effect, in-vitro skin permeation, and in-vivo plasma concentration. Methods: Transethosomes loaded with propranolol hydrochloride were prepared by homogenization method. Furthermore, they were characterized by using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), zeta sizer, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) for in-vitro skin permeation. Plasma concentration profile of transethosomal gel was determined using Sprague Dawley rats and compared with a marketed oral tablet of propranolol hydrochloride. Results: Developed transethosomes loaded with propranolol hydrochloride showed acceptable size (182.7 ± 5.4 nm), high drug entrapment (81.98 ± 2.9%) and good colloidal characteristics [polydispersity index (PDI) = 0.234 ± 0.039, zeta potential = -21.91 ± 0.65 mV]. Transethosomes showed prolonged in-vitro release of propranolol hydrochloride for 24 h. Results of in-vitro skin permeation studies of transethosomal gel showed 74.34 ± 2.33% permeation of propranolol hydrochloride after 24 h and confocal microscopy revealed accumulation of transethosomes in the stratum basale layer of the skin. Transethosomal gel was capable to prolong the in-vivo release of propranolol hydrochloride upto 24 h. The value of peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of propranolol hydrochloride was found to be 93.8 ± 3.6 ng/mL which was very high compared to the marketed oral tablet of propranolol hydrochloride (45.6 ± 3.1 ng/mL). Conclusion: The results suggested that transethosomal gel of propranolol hydrochloride could be a better alternative to oral propranolol hydrochloride as it can avoid various disadvantages of oral propranolol hydrochloride like high dosing frequency, first pass effect, and organ toxicity.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF HYDROPHILIC AND HYDROPHOBIC POLYMER MATRIX ON THE TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY OF ETHINYLESTRADIOL AND MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 210
Author(s):  
Shikha Baghel Chauhan ◽  
Tanveer Naved ◽  
Nayyar Parvez
Keyword(s):  
Medroxyprogesterone Acetate ◽  
Ethyl Cellulose ◽  
Skin Permeation ◽  
Eudragit Rs ◽  
Hydrophobic Polymer ◽  
In Vitro Permeation ◽  
In Vitro Skin Permeation ◽  
Permeation Studies ◽  
Eudragit Rl

Objective: The aims of the present study were to develop different matrix patches with various ratios of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymer combinations such as ethyl cellulose (EC) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and eudragit RL 100 (ERL) and eudragit RS 100 (ERS) containing ethinylestradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate and to perform physicochemical characterization and in vitro permeation studies through rat skin.Methods: Six formulations (F1 to F6) were developed by varying the concentration of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymer and keeping the drug load constant. Physical parameters and drug excipient interaction studies were evaluated in all the formulations. In vitro, skin permeation profiles of ethinylestradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate from various formulations were simultaneously characterized in a thermostatically controlled modified Franz Diffusion cell. The physicochemical compatibility of the drug and the polymers was studied by differential scanning calorimetry.Results: The results suggested no physicochemical incompatibility between the drug and the polymers. In vitro permeation studies were performed by using Franz diffusion cells, patches coded as F3 (ethyl cellulose: polyvinylpyrrolidone, 7.5:2.5) and F6 (eudragit RL 100 (ERL) and eudragit RS 100 (ERS), 8:2) can be chosen for further in vivo studies. The results followed Higuchi kinetics (r = 0.9953-0.9979), and the mechanism of release was diffusion mediated. Based on physicochemical and in vitro skin permeation studies of 85.64% (for F3) and 88.62% (for F6) of ethinylestradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate.Conclusion: The developed transdermal patches are stable, non-irritating and had increased efficacy of ethinylestradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate and therefore had a good potential for antifertility treatment.

Influence of different penetration enhancers on in vitro skin permeation and in vivo photoprotective effect of flavonoids

1998 ◽  
Vol 175 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonella Saija ◽  
Antonio Tomaino ◽  
Domenico Trombetta ◽  
Marcella Giacchi ◽  
Anna De Pasquale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Permeation ◽  
Penetration Enhancers ◽  
In Vitro Skin Permeation

In Vitro Skin Permeation Methodology for Over-The-Counter Topical Dermatologic Products

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 693-700
Author(s):  
Luke Oh ◽  
Sojeong Yi ◽  
Da Zhang ◽  
Soo Hyeon Shin ◽  
Edward Bashaw
Keyword(s):  
Skin Permeation ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
In Vitro Skin Permeation

scholarly journals Design and optimization of nano invasomal gel of Glibenclamide and Atenolol combination: in vitro and in vivo evaluation

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Anitha ◽  
S. V. Satyanarayana
Keyword(s):  
Disease Risk ◽  
Skin Permeation ◽  
Skin Irritation ◽  
Entrapment Efficiency ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
In Vivo Evaluation ◽  
Design And Optimization ◽  
In Vitro Skin Permeation

Abstract Background There are many circumstances where chronic disease is associated with other disorders, especially in diseases such as diabetes with noncommunicable disease risk factors, such as hypertension. The current therapies for treating such chronic comorbid diseases are limited and challenging due to the difficulties in overcoming the side effects from complex therapeutic treatment regimen. The present study is aimed to develop and optimize the combinational nano invasomal gel of Glibenclamide (GLB) and Atenolol (ATN) as a novel combination therapy for comorbid treatment of diabetic hypertensive patients. The developed formulations were characterized for various parameters, including in-vitro skin permeation, skin irritation, in-vivo antidiabetic, and antihypertensive activities. Results OCNIG showed that the % entrapment efficiency of GLB is 96.67 ± 0.65% and % entrapment efficiency of ATN is 93.76 ± 0.89%, flux of GLB (240.43 ± 1.76 μg/cm2/h), and flux of ATN (475.2 ± 1.54 μg/cm2/h) which was found to conform to the expected value. The results indicated desired release and permeation profiles. Optimized formulation showed significant pharmacokinetic properties, which shows improvement in bioavailability by 134.30% and 180.32% respectively for two drugs, when compared to marketed oral preparation. Pharmacodynamic studies showed improved and prolonged management of diabetes and hypertension in Wistar rats, compared to oral and drug-loaded nano invasomes formulations. Conclusion Overall, the results showed that nano invasomal gel was found to be a useful and promising transdermal delivery system for the treatment of concurrent diseases.

scholarly journals Detection of Raspberry Ketone after Percutaneous Absorption of Rhododendrol-Containing Cosmetics and Its Mechanism of Formation

Cosmetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Lihao Gu ◽  
Akio Fujisawa ◽  
Kazuhisa Maeda
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Skin Permeation ◽  
Skin Permeability ◽  
Mechanism Of Formation ◽  
Raspberry Ketone ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Unknown Substance ◽  
In Vitro Skin Permeation

Here, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism of rhododendrol (RD)-induced leukoderma. We investigated the skin permeability of RD in an aqueous solution and in different cosmetic formulations (lotion and emulsion) in an in vitro skin permeation study. The samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and an unknown substance appeared on the spectrum. For identification, we analyzed various possible substances, such as raspberry ketone (RK) and rhododendrol quinone, using HPLC and then compared the detected absorption spectra and further verified the matched components using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The unknown substance was found to be RK. To clarify the mechanism of formation of RK, we conducted a 24-hour skin permeation test on heat-treated skin. By quantifying the RK in the samples using HPLC, we observed that an enzyme in the skin seemed to be the cause of RK generation and that the components of the emulsion formulation could also be a cause. To investigate the enzyme, we reacted alcohol dehydrogenase with RD and observed that it was one of the converting enzymes. As RK has been reported to be a substance that causes leukoderma, the intraepidermal metabolism of RD to RK may be one of the mechanisms of susceptibility to leukoderma.

scholarly journals Biorelevant In Vitro Skin Permeation Testing and In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Characterization of Lidocaine from a Nonaqueous Drug-in-Matrix Topical System

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emileigh Greuber ◽  
Kip Vought ◽  
Kalpana Patel ◽  
Hiroaki Suzuki ◽  
Kazuhiro Usuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Skin Permeation ◽  
Mouse Skin ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Profile ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Skin Permeability ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Drug Load

AbstractRecently, lidocaine topical systems utilizing nonaqueous matrices have been developed and provide efficient lidocaine delivery through the skin, such that lower concentrations of drug provide equivalent or greater drug delivery than drug-in-matrix hydrogel lidocaine patches. This study characterizes drug delivery from a nonaqueous lidocaine topical system with increasing drug load both in vitro and in vivo. Topical systems formulated with either 1.8% or 5.4% lidocaine were applied to healthy volunteers’ backs (n = 15) for 12 h in a single-center, open-label, four-treatment, four-period crossover pharmacokinetic study. Subjects were dosed with either three 1.8% systems or one, two, or three 5.4% systems in each period. Blood was collected for up to 48 h, and plasma lidocaine levels were measured with a validated HPLC method. In parallel, human and mouse skin models characterized the in vitro skin permeation profile. The pharmacokinetic profile was linear between one, two, and three lidocaine 5.4% applications. Application of three lidocaine 1.8% systems (108 mg lidocaine) was bioequivalent to one lidocaine 5.4% system (108 mg lidocaine). Both topical systems remained well adhered to the skin and irritation was mild. The 5.4% system had approximately threefold higher skin permeability than the 1.8% system in the mouse and human skin models. The results indicate increasing the drug load by three times results in triple the drug delivery both in vivo and in vitro. The relationship between the in vitro permeation and in vivo absorption correlates and is nonlinear.

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