Differentiation of human trophoblast populations involves alterations in                cytokeratin patterns.

Cytokeratins (CKs) are related to proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells. Little knowledge exists about CK patterns in human trophoblast subpopulations (villous and extravillous trophoblasts). To better understand differentiation and function of trophoblast components, we studied the distribution patterns of CKs in the placenta throughout pregnancy. A panel of well-defined monoclonal antibodies against different types of cytokeratins, vimentin, and fibrin, was used on frozen and paraffin sections. CK8, 18, and 19 were expressed in all the villous and extravillous trophoblastic subsets throughout pregnancy. In the first trimester, syncytiotrophoblasts were positive for CK7 and 13 along the basal membrane. As pregnancy progressed there was an increase in intensity of the reaction product and a more diffuse positive staining of CK7 in the cytoplasm of the syncytium, with evident positivity along the apical membrane. CK13 showed similar expression as CK7, but with less intense staining along the apical membrane and less prominent staining in the cytoplasm. Villous cytotrophoblasts were also positive for CK7 and CK13. CK17 was found related to cytotrophoblastic cells in contact with or next to fibrin deposits. Extravillous cytotrophoblasts in cell islands and cell columns were positive for CK13 only in the cell layers located proximal to the villous stroma, whereas the distal and more differentiated cells were negative. CK7 was positive in all epithelial cells of cell islands and columns, but the reaction product was not present in cells deeply migrated into the decidua. Amnion was negative for anti-CK13 antibodies in the first trimester but was positive at term. CK4 and CK16 were not found in the placenta. Our study shows for the first time that the different populations of human placental trophoblast express cytokeratins in developmental, differentiative, and functional specific patterns. These findings can be useful to distinguish and classify the various trophoblastic populations and provide a foundation for studying pathological aspects of the trophoblast.

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Immunohistochemical Characterization of the Distribution of Galectin-4 in Porcine Small Intestine

Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry ◽

10.1369/jhc.4a6439.2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 53 (2) ◽

pp. 197-205 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Melissa A. Wooters ◽

Michael B. Hildreth ◽

Eric A. Nelson ◽

Alan K. Erickson

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Epithelial Cells ◽

Animal Cell ◽

Distribution Patterns ◽

Intense Staining ◽

Single Polypeptide Chain ◽

Specific Subset ◽

Carbohydrate Recognition Domains ◽

Single Polypeptide ◽

High Level

Galectins are an evolutionarily conserved family of 15 different lectins found in various combinations in virtually every type of animal cell. One of the primary galectins expressed in intestinal epithelium is galectin-4, a tandem-repeat galectin with two carbohydrate-recognition domains in a single polypeptide chain. In the current study, we produced an anti-galectin-4 monoclonal antibody (MAb) for determining the distribution of galectin-4 in porcine small intestine to enhance our understanding of where galectin-4 performs its functions in the small intestine. In immunohistochemistry studies, this MAb detected galectin-4 primarily in the cytoplasm of absorptive epithelial cells lining intestinal villi. Mature epithelial cells at the villous tips stained the most intensely with this MAb, with progressively less intense staining observed along the sides of villi and into the crypts. In addition to its cytoplasmic localization, galectin-4 was also associated with nuclei in villous tip cells, indicating that some galectin-4 may migrate to the nucleus during terminal maturation of these cells. In intestinal crypts, a specific subset of cells, which may be enteroendocrine cells, expressed galectin-4 at a relatively high level. Galectin-4 distribution patterns were similar in all three regions (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) of porcine small intestine.

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Changes in oestrogen receptor protein, mRNA expression and localization in the endometrium of cyclic and pregnant gilts

Reproduction Fertility and Development ◽

10.1071/rd9930247 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 247 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

RD Geisert ◽

RM Brenner ◽

RJ Moffatt ◽

JP Harney ◽

T Yellin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Epithelial Cells ◽

Mrna Expression ◽

Oestrogen Receptor ◽

Cellular Localization ◽

Oestrous Cycle ◽

Glandular Epithelium ◽

Receptor Protein ◽

Immunocytochemical Staining ◽

Positive Staining ◽

Intense Staining

Conceptus secretion of oestrogen on Day 11 of gestation is involved with establishment of pregnancy in the pig. Changes in oestrogen receptor (ER) protein, mRNA and cellular localization in the endometrium were evaluated during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy of the gilt. In nonpregnant gilts, concentration of nuclear ER in the endometrium increased from Days 0 to 12 followed by a decline on Day 15 of the oestrous cycle. In pregnant gilts, changes in endometrial nuclear ER during Days 10, 12, 15 and 18 were similar to that in cyclic pigs. Analysis of endometrial ER mRNA expression did not detect any difference between cyclic and pregnant pigs between Days 10 and 15 postoestrus. Expression of ER mRNA in endometrium of cyclic and pregnant gilts was greatest on Day 10 followed by a decline on Day 15. Endometrial ER mRNA increased on Day 18 of the oestrous cycle, but remained low during pregnancy. Immunocytochemical localization of ER in the endometria of cyclic and pregnant gilts indicated that there was intense staining for ER in stromal cells and moderate to strong staining in surface and glandular epithelial cells during oestrus (Day 0) and Day 18 of the oestrous cycle. However, stromal ER staining was absent from Days 5 to 15 of the oestrous cycle and continued to be suppressed on Day 18 of pregnancy. Immunocytochemical staining of ER in the surface and glandular epithelium was readily detectable from Days 0 to 12 of the oestrous cycle and during pregnancy. Intensity of staining for ER declined in surface epithelial cells on Day 15 in both cyclic and pregnant pigs whereas positive staining for ER in glandular epithelium was absent. Staining for ER on uterine surface epithelial cells increased during pro-estrus (Day 18) of cyclic gilts but remained similar to Day 15 in pregnant gilts. Changes in endometrial ER protein, mRNA and localization in surface epithelium are consistent with a physiological role for conceptus oestrogen secretion in uterine function and maternal recognition of pregnancy in the pig.

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The Ultrastructure of Monkey Gingival Epithelium

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010006009x ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 25 ◽

pp. 16-17

Author(s):

C.N. Sun

Keyword(s):

Epithelial Cells ◽

Macaca Nemestrina ◽

Stratum Granulosum ◽

Solution Ph ◽

Gingival Epithelial Cells ◽

Stratum Spinosum ◽

Cell Layers ◽

Gingival Epithelium ◽

The Individual ◽

Different Thickness

The present study demonstrates the ultrastructure of the gingival epithelium of the pig tail monkey (Macaca nemestrina). Specimens were taken from lingual and facial gingival surfaces and fixed in Dalton's chrome osmium solution (pH 7.6) for 1 hr, dehydrated, and then embedded in Epon 812.Tonofibrils are variable in number and structure according to the different region or location of the gingival epithelial cells, the main orientation of which is parallel to the long axis of the cells. The cytoplasm of the basal epithelial cells contains a great number of tonofilaments and numerous mitochondria. The basement membrane is 300 to 400 A thick. In the cells of stratum spinosum, the tonofibrils are densely packed and increased in number (fig. 1 and 3). They seem to take on a somewhat concentric arrangement around the nucleus. The filaments may occur scattered as thin fibrils in the cytoplasm or they may be arranged in bundles of different thickness. The filaments have a diameter about 50 A. In the stratum granulosum, the cells gradually become flatted, the tonofibrils are usually thin, and the individual tonofilaments are clearly distinguishable (fig. 2). The mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are seldom seen in these superficial cell layers.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Distinct cytoskeletal tracks direct individual vesicle populations to the apical membrane of epithelial cells.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1013083.188960 ◽

2003 ◽

Author(s):

William Bement

Keyword(s):

Epithelial Cells ◽

Apical Membrane ◽

Individual Vesicle

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Regulated and polarized PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 accumulation is essential for apical membrane morphogenesis in photoreceptor epithelial cells.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1031003.363465 ◽

2006 ◽

Author(s):

Andreas Wodarz

Keyword(s):

Epithelial Cells ◽

Apical Membrane ◽

Membrane Morphogenesis

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Phase coexistence and connectivity in the apical membrane of polarized epithelial cells.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1030333.357550 ◽

2006 ◽

Author(s):

Akihiro Kusumi

Keyword(s):

Epithelial Cells ◽

Apical Membrane ◽

Phase Coexistence ◽

Polarized Epithelial Cells

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Elevated Circulating and Placental SPINT2 Is Associated with Placental Dysfunction

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22147467 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (14) ◽

pp. 7467

Author(s):

Ciara N. Murphy ◽

Susan P. Walker ◽

Teresa M. MacDonald ◽

Emerson Keenan ◽

Natalie J. Hannan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

First Trimester ◽

Placental Insufficiency ◽

Human Trophoblast ◽

Trophoblast Stem Cells ◽

Placental Dysfunction ◽

Foetal Growth Restriction ◽

Term Delivery ◽

Placental Disease ◽

Prospective Cohorts

Biomarkers for placental dysfunction are currently lacking. We recently identified SPINT1 as a novel biomarker; SPINT2 is a functionally related placental protease inhibitor. This study aimed to characterise SPINT2 expression in placental insufficiency. Circulating SPINT2 was assessed in three prospective cohorts, collected at the following: (1) term delivery (n = 227), (2) 36 weeks (n = 364), and (3) 24–34 weeks’ (n = 294) gestation. SPINT2 was also measured in the plasma and placentas of women with established placental disease at preterm (<34 weeks) delivery. Using first-trimester human trophoblast stem cells, SPINT2 expression was assessed in hypoxia/normoxia (1% vs. 8% O2), and following inflammatory cytokine treatment (TNFa, IL-6). Placental SPINT2 mRNA was measured in a rat model of late-gestational foetal growth restriction. At 36 weeks, circulating SPINT2 was elevated in patients who later developed preeclampsia (p = 0.028; median = 2233 pg/mL vs. controls, median = 1644 pg/mL), or delivered a small-for-gestational-age infant (p = 0.002; median = 2109 pg/mL vs. controls, median = 1614 pg/mL). SPINT2 was elevated in the placentas of patients who required delivery for preterm preeclampsia (p = 0.025). Though inflammatory cytokines had no effect, hypoxia increased SPINT2 in cytotrophoblast stem cells, and its expression was elevated in the placental labyrinth of growth-restricted rats. These findings suggest elevated SPINT2 is associated with placental insufficiency.

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Study of thromboxane and prostacyclin metabolism in an invitro model of first-trimester human trophoblast

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.1016/s0002-9378(12)80036-6 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 167 (4) ◽

pp. 1046-1052 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Eleanor M. Diss ◽

Steven G. Gabbe ◽

Jay W. Moore ◽

Douglas A. Kniss

Keyword(s):

First Trimester ◽

Human Trophoblast

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Activation of final complement components after kidney transplantation as a marker of delayed graft function severity

Clinical Kidney Journal ◽

10.1093/ckj/sfaa147 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Carlos E Arias-Cabrales ◽

Marta Riera ◽

María José Pérez-Sáez ◽

Javier Gimeno ◽

David Benito ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Epithelial Cells ◽

Graft Function ◽

Basal Membrane ◽

Factor H ◽

Delayed Graft Function ◽

Control Group ◽

Complement Factor ◽

Tubular Epithelial Cells ◽

Complement Components ◽

Protocol Biopsies

Abstract Background Ischaemia–reperfusion (I/R) damage is a relevant cause of delayed graft function (DGF). Complement activation is involved in experimental I/R injury, but few data are available from kidney transplant (KT) patients. We studied the dynamics of membrane attack complex (C5b-9) as a soluble fraction (SC5b-9) and the histological deposit pattern of C3b, complement Factor H (FH) and C5b-9 in DGF patients. Methods We evaluated SC5b-9 levels in 59 recipients: 38 with immediate graft function and 21 with DGF. The SC5b-9 was measured at admission for KT and 7 days after KT. DGF-kidney biopsies (n = 12) and a control group of 1-year protocol biopsies without tissue damage (n = 4) were stained for C5b-9, C3b and FH. Results SC5b-9 increased significantly in DGF patients (Day 0: 6621 ± 2202 mAU/L versus Day 7: 9626 ± 4142 mAU/L; P = 0.006), while it remained stable in non-DGF patients. Days 0–7 increase >5% was the better cut-off associated with DGF versus non-DGF patient discrimination (sensitivity = 81%). In addition, SC5b-9 increase was related to DGF duration and worse graft function, and independently associated with DGF occurrence. SC5b-9, C3b and FH stains were observed in tubular epithelial cells basal membrane. DGF-kidney biopsies showed a more frequently high-intensity stain, a higher number of tubules with positive stain and larger perimeter of tubules with positive stains for SC5b-9, C3b and FH than control patients. Conclusions Both SC5b-9 levels and SC5b-9, C3b and FH deposits in tubular epithelial cells basal membrane are highly expressed in patients experiencing DGF. SC5b-9 levels increase could be useful as a marker of DGF severity.

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