scholarly journals Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor: an effective adjuvant for protein and peptide-based vaccines

Blood ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 202-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
ML Disis ◽  
H Bernhard ◽  
FM Shiota ◽  
SL Hand ◽  
JR Gralow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Antigen Presenting Cells ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽  
Colony Stimulating Factor ◽  
Gm Csf ◽  
Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor ◽  
Macrophage Colony ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Stimulating Factor

Abstract The current studies evaluate granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as a vaccine adjuvant. An important issue for developing vaccine therapy for human malignancy is identifying adjuvants that can elicit T-cell responses to proteins and peptides derived from “self” tumor antigens. GM-CSF, in vitro, stimulates the growth of antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages. Initial experiments examined whether GM-CSF injected into the skin of rats could affect the number or character of antigen presenting cells, measured as class II major histocompatability complex expressing cells, in lymph nodes draining the injection site. Intradermal (id) inoculation of GM-CSF every 24 hours for a total of five inoculations resulted in an increase of class II+ fluorescing cells that peaked at the fourth inoculation. Subcutaneous (sq) inoculation resulted in an increase of class II+ fluorescing cells that peaked following the second inoculation, then decreased over time. Using this schema for “conditioning” the inoculation site, GM-CSF was administered id or sq for five injections and a foreign antigen, tetanus toxoid (tt), was given at the beginning or the end of the immunization cycle. Id immunization was more effective than sq at eliciting tt specific immunity. In addition, GM-CSF id, administered as a single dose with antigen, compared favorably with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and alum in eliciting tt specific antibody and cellular immunity. We have shown that immunity to rat neu (c-erbB-2) protein, an oncogenic self protein, can be generated in rats by immunization with peptides derived from the normal rat neu sequence plus CFA. The current study demonstrates that rat neu peptides inoculated with GM-CSF could elicit a strong delayed type hypersensitivity reaction (DTH) response, whereas peptides alone were non-immunogenic. GM-CSF was as effective as CFA in generating rat neu specific DTH responses after immunization with a neu peptide based vaccine. Soluble GM-CSF is a potent adjuvant for the generation of immune responses to foreign proteins as well as peptides derived from a self tumor antigen.

scholarly journals Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor: an effective adjuvant for protein and peptide-based vaccines

Blood ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 202-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
ML Disis ◽  
H Bernhard ◽  
FM Shiota ◽  
SL Hand ◽  
JR Gralow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Antigen Presenting Cells ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽  
Colony Stimulating Factor ◽  
Gm Csf ◽  
Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor ◽  
Macrophage Colony ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Stimulating Factor

The current studies evaluate granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as a vaccine adjuvant. An important issue for developing vaccine therapy for human malignancy is identifying adjuvants that can elicit T-cell responses to proteins and peptides derived from “self” tumor antigens. GM-CSF, in vitro, stimulates the growth of antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages. Initial experiments examined whether GM-CSF injected into the skin of rats could affect the number or character of antigen presenting cells, measured as class II major histocompatability complex expressing cells, in lymph nodes draining the injection site. Intradermal (id) inoculation of GM-CSF every 24 hours for a total of five inoculations resulted in an increase of class II+ fluorescing cells that peaked at the fourth inoculation. Subcutaneous (sq) inoculation resulted in an increase of class II+ fluorescing cells that peaked following the second inoculation, then decreased over time. Using this schema for “conditioning” the inoculation site, GM-CSF was administered id or sq for five injections and a foreign antigen, tetanus toxoid (tt), was given at the beginning or the end of the immunization cycle. Id immunization was more effective than sq at eliciting tt specific immunity. In addition, GM-CSF id, administered as a single dose with antigen, compared favorably with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and alum in eliciting tt specific antibody and cellular immunity. We have shown that immunity to rat neu (c-erbB-2) protein, an oncogenic self protein, can be generated in rats by immunization with peptides derived from the normal rat neu sequence plus CFA. The current study demonstrates that rat neu peptides inoculated with GM-CSF could elicit a strong delayed type hypersensitivity reaction (DTH) response, whereas peptides alone were non-immunogenic. GM-CSF was as effective as CFA in generating rat neu specific DTH responses after immunization with a neu peptide based vaccine. Soluble GM-CSF is a potent adjuvant for the generation of immune responses to foreign proteins as well as peptides derived from a self tumor antigen.

Vaccination With Irradiated Autologous Tumor Cells Engineered to Secrete Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Augments Antitumor Immunity in Some Patients With Metastatic Non–Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 624-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravi Salgia ◽  
Thomas Lynch ◽  
Arthur Skarin ◽  
Joan Lucca ◽  
Cathleen Lynch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Antitumor Immunity ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽  
Colony Stimulating Factor ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Gm Csf ◽  
Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor ◽  
Macrophage Colony ◽  
Stimulating Factor

Purpose: We demonstrated that vaccination with irradiated tumor cells engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulates potent, specific, and long-lasting antitumor immunity in multiple murine models and patients with metastatic melanoma. To test whether this vaccination strategy enhances antitumor immunity in patients with metastatic non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we conducted a phase I clinical trial.Patients and Methods: Resected metastases were processed to single-cell suspension, infected with a replication-defective adenoviral vector encoding GM-CSF, irradiated, and cryopreserved. Individual vaccines consisted of 1 × 106, 4 × 106, or 1 × 107cells, depending on overall yield, and were administered intradermally and subcutaneously at weekly and biweekly intervals.Results: Vaccines were successfully manufactured for 34 (97%) of 35 patients. The average GM-CSF secretion was 513 ng/106cells/24 h. Toxicities were restricted to grade 1 to 2 local skin reactions. Nine patients were withdrawn early because of rapid disease progression. Vaccination elicited dendritic cell, macrophage, granulocyte, and lymphocyte infiltrates in 18 of 25 assessable patients. Immunization stimulated the development of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to irradiated, dissociated, autologous, nontransfected tumor cells in 18 of 22 patients. Metastatic lesions resected after vaccination showed T lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltrates with tumor necrosis in three of six patients. Two patients surgically rendered as having no evidence of disease at enrollment remain free of disease at 43 and 42 months. Five patients showed stable disease durations of 33, 19, 12, 10, and 3 months. One mixed response was observed.Conclusion: Vaccination with irradiated autologous NSCLC cells engineered to secrete GM-CSF enhances antitumor immunity in some patients with metastatic NSCLC.

scholarly journals Propagation of dendritic cell progenitors from normal mouse liver using granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and their maturational development in the presence of type-1 collagen.

1994 ◽  
Vol 179 (6) ◽  
pp. 1823-1834 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Lu ◽  
J Woo ◽  
A S Rao ◽  
Y Li ◽  
S C Watkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cell ◽  
Mhc Class Ii ◽  
Mouse Liver ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Colony Stimulating Factor ◽  
Gm Csf ◽  
Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor ◽  
Macrophage Colony ◽  
Stimulating Factor

Within 1 wk of liquid culture in granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), normal B10 BR (H-2k I-E+) mouse liver nonparenchymal cells (NPC) formed loosely adherent myeloid cell clusters that have been shown to contain dendritic cell (DC) progenitors in similar studies of mouse blood or bone marrow. Mononuclear cell progeny released from these clusters at and beyond 4 d exhibited distinct dendritic morphology and were actively phagocytic. After 6-10 d of culture, these cells strongly expressed CD45, CD11b, heat stable antigen, and CD44. However, the intensity of expression of the DC-restricted markers NLDC 145, 33D1, and N418, and the macrophage marker F4/80, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and Fc gamma RII was low to moderate, whereas the cells were negative for CD3, CD45RA, and NK1.1. Splenocytes prepared in the same way also had a similar range and intensity of expression of these immunophenotypic markers. Unlike the splenic DC, however, most of the GM-CSF-propagated putative liver DC harvested at 6-10 d expressed only a low level of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II (I-Ek), and they failed to induce primary allogeneic responses in naive T cells, even when propagated additionally in GM-CSF and tumor necrosis alpha and/or interferon gamma-supplemented medium. However, when 7-d cultured GM-CSF-stimulated liver cells were maintained additionally for three or more days on type-1 collagen-coated plates in the continued presence of GM-CSF, they exhibited characteristics of mature DC: MHC class II expression was markedly upregulated, mixed leukocyte reaction stimulatory activity was increased, and phagocytic function was decreased. Similar observations were made when Ia+ cells were depleted from the GM-CSF-propagated cells before exposure to collagen. Further evidence that the GM-CSF-stimulated class IIdim or class II-depleted hepatic NPC were immature DC was obtained by injecting them into allogeneic B10 (H-2b I-E-) recipients. They "homed" to T cell-dependent areas of lymph nodes and spleen where they strongly expressed donor MHC class II antigen 1-5 d later. These observations provide insight into the regulation of DC maturation, and are congruent with the possibility that the migration of immature DC from normal liver and perhaps other organ allografts may help explain their inherent tolerogenicity.

scholarly journals Neutrophils activated by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor express receptors for interleukin-3 which mediate class II expression

Blood ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 86 (10) ◽  
pp. 3938-3944 ◽  
Author(s):  
WB Smith ◽  
L Guida ◽  
Q Sun ◽  
EI Korpelainen ◽  
C van den Heuvel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Class Ii ◽  
Colony Stimulating Factor ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Rnase Protection ◽  
Interleukin 3 ◽  
Gm Csf ◽  
Hla Dr ◽  
Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor ◽  
Macrophage Colony ◽  
Stimulating Factor

Freshly isolated peripheral blood neutrophils, unlike monocytes and eosinophils, do not bind interleukin-3 (IL-3) or respond to IL-3). We show that neutrophils cultured for 24 hours in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) express mRNA for the IL-3 receptor (R) alpha subunit, as shown by RNase protection assays, and IL-3R alpha chain protein, as shown by cytometric analysis using two different specific monoclonal antibodies. This effect was selective for GM-CSF, because granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor- alpha, interferon-gamma, and IL-1 failed to induce the IL-3 receptor. Saturation binding curves with 125I-IL-3 and Scatchard transformation showed the presence of about 100 high-affinity and 4,000 low-affinity receptors. Because neutrophils have been shown to express human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR in response to GM-CSF, we examined the possibility that IL-3 could augment HLA-DR expression on GM-CSF-treated cells. We found that neutrophils incubated with 30 ng/mL IL-3 as well as 0.1 ng/mL GM-CSF expressed a mean of 2.1-fold higher levels of HLA- DR than with GM-CSF alone (P < .005), confirming the signaling competence of the newly expressed IL-3R. This increase was seen even at maximal concentrations of GM-CSF and IL-3 can have an additive effect on mature human cells. The augmentation of HLA-DR by IL-3 was specific because it could be inhibited by a blocking anti-IL-3R antibody. Expression of class II molecules by neutrophils under these conditions may have significance for antigen presentation. These results provide further evidence for the role of GM-CSF as an amplification factor in inflammation by inducing neutrophil responsiveness to IL-3 produced by T cells or mast cells.

Effects of continuous localized infusion of granulocyte—macrophage colony—stimulating factor and inoculations of irradiated glioma cells on tumor regression

1999 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 1064-1071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret A. Wallenfriedman ◽  
John A. Conrad ◽  
Lance DelaBarre ◽  
Patrick C. Graupman ◽  
Gina Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Colony Stimulating Factor ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Gm Csf ◽  
Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor ◽  
Macrophage Colony ◽  
Stimulating Factor ◽  
Fine Print

Object. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a malignant tumor of the central nervous system that directly suppresses immunological defenses in vitro and in vivo. The authors used the peripheral delivery of continuously infused granulocyte—macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in the presence of irradiated tumor antigens as a tumor-specific stimulant to dendritic cells to initiate an immune response to GBM in rats.Methods. The 9L gliosarcoma tumors were established in the flanks of syngeneic Fischer 344 rats. Osmotic minipumps implanted in the animals' contralateral flanks continuously delivered recombinant GM-CSF (0, 0.1, 1, or 10 ng/day) for 28 days. Irradiated gliosarcoma cells were intermittently injected at the site of the GM-CSF infusion. Animals in the saline control group (0 ng/day GM-CSF) died on Day 59 with average tumor volumes greater than 30,000 mm3. This control group was significantly different from the GM-CSF—treated animals, which all survived with average tumor volumes that peaked on Day 23 and later regressed completely. Tumor growth as well as peak tumor volumes (5833 ± 2284 mm3, 3294 ± 1632 mm3, and 1979 ± 1142 mm3 for 0.1, 1, and 10 ng/day GM-CSF, respectively) in the different treatment groups reflected a significant dose-response relationship with the GM-CSF concentrations. All animals treated with GM-CSF and irradiated cells were resistant to additional challenges of peripheral and intracerebral gliosarcoma, even when they were inoculated 8 months after initial immunotherapy. The colocalization of GM-CSF and inactivated tumor antigens was required to stimulate immunoprotection. To test the efficacy of a peripherally administered immunological therapy on intracerebral brain tumors the authors transplanted 106 gliosarcoma cells into the striatum of treated and control animals. Subcutaneous pumps that released GM-CSF (10 ng/day) and irradiated gliosarcoma cells were placed in the treated animals. The control animals all died within 31 days after intracerebral tumor implantation. In contrast, 40% of the animals receiving GM-CSF—irradiated cell vaccinations survived beyond 300 days. These long-term survivors showed no evidence of gliosarcoma at the injection site on evaluation by magnetic resonance imaging.Conclusions. These results suggest that the continuous localized delivery of subcutaneous GM-CSF in conjunction with inactivated tumor antigens can initiate a systemic response that leads to the regression of distant peripheral and intracerebral tumors. The success of this treatment illustrates the feasibility of tumor-specific peripheral immunological stimulation after tumor resection to prevent the recurrence of malignant brain tumors.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document