scholarly journals Differential Effects of Interleukin-13 on Cytomegalovirus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Human Alveolar Macrophages

Blood ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 89 (9) ◽  
pp. 3443-3450 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Hatch ◽  
Andrew R. Freedman ◽  
Deborah M. Boldt-Houle ◽  
Jerome E. Groopman ◽  
Ernest F. Terwilliger
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Alveolar Macrophages ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Principal Line ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Interleukin 13 ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract Alveolar macrophages, which form a principal line of defense against a variety of pulmonary pathogens, may themselves be infected by viruses like human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), which impair their defensive functions. Interleukin-13 (IL-13), a multifunctional cytokine, has been considered for therapeutic use based on its potent inhibition of HIV-1 in these cells. We have further examined the effects of IL-13 on alveolar macrophages under conditions that reflect those seen in acquired immune deficiency syndrome, where this cell type is often infected by the opportunistic pathogen human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Alveolar macrophages exposed to both HCMV and HIV-1 consistently exhibited higher levels of HIV-1 replication than cells exposed to HIV-1 alone. HIV-1 production was strongly suppressed in alveolar macrophages treated with IL-13 regardless of whether or not the cultures were coinfected with HCMV. However, IL-13 treatment markedly enhanced the expression of HCMV in otherwise latently infected macrophages in a dose dependent manner. These unexpected differential effects of IL-13 on host-virus interactions are important considerations in guiding its potential therapeutic applications.

scholarly journals The earliest cases of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M in Congo-Kinshasa, Rwanda and Burundi and the origin of acquired immune deficiency syndrome

2001 ◽  
Vol 356 (1410) ◽  
pp. 923-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Vangroenweghe
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency ◽  
Hiv 1

The early cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV–1) infection in the 1960s and 1970s in Congo–Kinshasa (Zaire), Rwanda and Burundi are reviewed. These countries appear to be the source of the HIV–1 group M epidemic, which then spread outwards to neighbouring Tanzania and Uganda in the east, and Congo–Brazzaville in the west. Further spread to Haiti and onwards to the USA can be explained by the hundreds of single men from Haiti who participated in the UNESCO educational programme in the Congo between 1960 and 1975.

scholarly journals Using human immunodeficiency virus type 1 sequences to infer historical features of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome epidemic and human immunodeficiency virus evolution

2001 ◽  
Vol 356 (1410) ◽  
pp. 855-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Yusim ◽  
Martine Peeters ◽  
Oliver G. Pybus ◽  
Tanmoy Bhattacharya ◽  
Eric Delaporte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency ◽  
Hiv 1

In earlier work, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV–1) sequences were analysed to estimate the timing of the ancestral sequence of the main group of HIV–1, the virus that is responsible for the acquired immune deficiency syndrome pandemic, yielding a best estimate of 1931 (95% confidence interval of 1915–1941). That work will be briefly reviewed, outlining how phylogenetic tools were extended to incorporate improved evolutionary models, how the molecular clock model was adapted to incorporate variable periods of latency, and how the approach was validated by correctly estimating the timing of two historically documented dates. The advantages, limitations, and assumptions of the approach will be summarized, with particular consideration of the implications of branch length uncertainty and recombination. We have recently undertaken new phylogenetic analysis of an extremely diverse set of human immunodeficiency virus envelope sequences from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (the DRC, formerly Zaire). This analysis both corroborates and extends the conclusions of our original study. Coalescent methods were used to infer the demographic history of the HIV–1 epidemic in the DRC, and the results suggest an increase in the exponential growth rate of the infected population through time.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome

2001 ◽  
Vol 356 (1410) ◽  
pp. 795-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin M. De Cock
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Ecological Association ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency ◽  
Hiv 1

Although acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first described in the USA in 1981, there is evidence that individual cases occurred considerably earlier in Central Africa, and serological and virological data show human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was present in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) as far back as 1959. It is likely that HIV–1 infection in humans was established from cross–species transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus of chimpanzees, but the circumstances surrounding this zoonotic transfer are uncertain. This presentation will review how causality is established in epidemiology, and review the evidence (a putative ecological association) surrounding the hypothesis that early HIV–1 infections were associated with trials of oral polio vaccine (OPV) in the DRC. From an epidemiological standpoint, the OPV hypothesis is not supported by data and the ecological association proposed between OPV use and early HIV/AIDS cases is unconvincing. It is likely that Africa will continue to dominate global HIV and AIDS epidemiology in the near to medium–term future, and that the epidemic will evolve over many decades unless a preventive vaccine becomes widely available.

Human immunodeficiency virus infection in pregnancy

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-241
Author(s):  
Marie-Louise Newell ◽  
Claire Thorne
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Mother To Child ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus which causes immune suppression mainly through depletion and destruction of CD4 lymphocytes. This results in increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections which in turn leads to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Since HIV (HIV-1) was first identified in 1983, the infection has spread across the world and has developed into arguably the most important and far-reaching pandemic of this century. HIV infection can be acquired through sexual contact, blood or blood products (including contaminated injecting equipment) and vertically from mother to child. Heterosexual acquisition is the dominant route among women, although in some settings injecting drug use (IDU) can also be an important source. In 1985, HIV-2 was isolated in a study of Senegalese women and subsequently found to be prevalent in West Africa and in areas of emigration from West Africa. HIV-2 is less transmissable and pathogenic than HIV-1 and this review is restricted to HIV-1 infection.

scholarly journals Pengklonaan Plasmid Rekombinan gp125-gp36 Human Immunodeficiency Virus tipe 2 (HIV-2) untuk Pengembangan Sistem Diagnostik HIV-2

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
Fathurrohim Fathurrohim ◽  
Silvia Tri Widyaningtyas ◽  
Budiman Bela
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Rapid Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency ◽  
Anti Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

AbstractFrom 36.9 million people infected by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) at the end of 2018 in the whole world, 1-2 million are infected by HIV-2. Accurately diagnostic is required to ensure whether an individual has been infected HIV-1, HIV-2, or HIV-1 and HIV-2 co-infection. HIV-2 diagnostic error using rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) frequently occurs. Misdiagnostic of HIV-2 infection may cause treatment failure which leads to the development of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). In this study, expression plasmid pQE80L-gp125-gp36 HIV-2 that can produce recombinant antigen gp125-gp36 HIV-2 was successfully constructed and verified properly. The antigen is based on multiepitope, immunodominant and sustainable properties obtained by bioinformatics study. Plasmid pQE80L-gp125-gp36 HIV-2 may be used to produce recombinant antigens that benefit to detect anti-HIV-2 antibodies in an individual. AbstrakDari 36,9 juta individu yang terinfeksi oleh Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) pada akhir tahun 2018 di seluruh dunia, terdapat sekitar 1 – 2 juta individu yang terinfeksi dengan HIV-2. Diagnostik yang akurat diperlukan untuk menentukan apakah suatu individu telah terinfeksi HIV-1, HIV-2 atau koinfeksi HIV-1 dan HIV-2. Kesalahan diagnostik HIV-2 menggunakan rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) sering sekali terjadi. Misdiagnosis infeksi HIV-2 dapat menyebabkan kegagalan pengobatan yang berujung pada perkembangan Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Pada penelitian ini plasmid pQE80L-gp125-gp36 HIV-2 pengekspresi antigen rekombinan gp125-gp36 HIV-2 telah berhasil dikonstruksi dan terverifikasi dengan baik. Antigen tersebut berbasis multiepitop, immunodominan dan bersifat lestari yang didapatkan dari studi bioinformatik. Plasmid pQE80L-gp125-gp36 HIV-2 dapat digunakan untuk memproduksi antigen rekombinan yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk mendeteksi antibodi anti HIV-2 pada suatu individu.

Widespread use of herbal medicines by people living with human immunodeficiency virus and contamination of herbal medicines with antiretrovirals in Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-377
Author(s):  
J Gini ◽  
A Amara ◽  
Sujan D Penchala ◽  
David J Back ◽  
L Else ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Herbal Medicine ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Medicine Use ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Hiv Therapy ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Herbal medication use amongst people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) is widespread and understudied. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of herbal medicine use amongst PLWH and possible contamination with antiretrovirals (ARVs). Countrywide collection of herbal samples sold by street vendors in Nigeria for the following indications: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), acquired immune deficiency syndrome, fever and general weakness. Samples were screened using a validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry method for the presence of the following ARVs: efavirenz, nevirapine, lopinavir, darunavir, ritonavir, atazanavir, emtricitabine, tenofovir and lamivudine. A survey was conducted among 742 PLWH attending four HIV clinics in Nigeria. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed using IBM SPSS statistics version 22.0 (IBM Corp., 2013, Armond, NY). Of the 138 herbal medicines sampled, three (2%) contained detectable levels of tenofovir, emtricitabine and/or lamivudine. Additionally, of the 742 PLWH surveyed, 310 (41.8%) reported herbal medicine use. Among the users, 191 (61.6%) started taking herbals after commencing HIV therapy while herbal medicine use preceded ARVs treatment in 119 (38.4%) PLWH. We found herbal use to be widespread among PLWH in Nigeria, with increasing use after commencing ARV. Three herbal preparations were also found to contain detectable levels of ARVs. This is a concern and should be studied widely across the region and countries where herbal medicine use is prevalent and poorly regulated.

scholarly journals The origin of acquired immune deficiency syndrome: Darwinian or Lamarckian?

2001 ◽  
Vol 356 (1410) ◽  
pp. 877-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Burr ◽  
J. M. Hyman ◽  
Gerald Myers
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Darwinian Evolution ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency ◽  
Hiv 1

The subtypes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV–1) group M exhibit a remarkable similarity in their between–subtype distances, which we refer to as high synchrony. The shape of the phylogenetic tree of these subtypes is referred to as a sunburst to distinguish it from a simple star phylogeny. Neither a sunburst pattern nor a comparable degree of symmetry is seen in a natural process such as in feline immunodeficiency virus evolution. We therefore have undertaken forward–process simulation studies employing coalescent theory to investigate whether such highly synchronized subtypes could be readily produced by natural Darwinian evolution. The forward model includes both classical (macro) and molecular (micro) epidemiological components. HIV–1 group M subtype synchrony is quantified using the standard deviation of the between–subtype distances and the average of the within–subtype distances. Highly synchronized subtypes and a sunburst phylogeny are not observed in our simulated data, leading to the conclusion that a quasi–Lamarckian, punctuated event occurred. The natural transfer theory for the origin of human acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) cannot easily be reconciled with these findings and it is as if a recent non–Darwinian process took place coincident with the rise of AIDS in Africa.

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