Cardiovascular consequences of community-acquired pneumonia and other pulmonary infections

Pneumonia and Other Pulmonary Infections

10.2310/tywc.4140 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Karen D. Serrano ◽

Scott A. Fruhan

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Antibiotic Therapy ◽

Cause Of Death ◽

Pulmonary Infection ◽

Pneumonia Severity Index ◽

Severity Index ◽

The United States ◽

Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽

Pulmonary Infections ◽

Pneumonia Severity

Pulmonary infections span a wide spectrum, ranging from self-limited to life threatening. Pneumonia refers to infection of lung parenchyma, specifically the alveolar or gas-exchanging portions of the lung. Taken together, pneumonia and influenza rank as the sixth leading cause of death in the United States and the leading infectious cause of death in the United States and the world. Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB, historically a leading cause of death worldwide, remains an enormous global public health epidemic in much of the developing world. Rates of coinfection with HIV are high, and HIV increases the morbidity and mortality associated with TB. This review details the pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of pulmonary infection, including pneumonia, empyema, pulmonary abscess, and tuberculosis (TB). Figures show chest radiographs of reactivation pulmonary tuberculosis, HIV-infected patients with proven culture-confirmed tuberculosis, prominent hilar adenopathy with clear lung fields, and bilateral interstitial changes; and treatment of drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis. Tables list major causes of pulmonary infection, host defence mechanisms against pulmonary infection, initial empirical antibiotic therapy in patients with suspected community-acquired pneumonia, initial antibiotic therapy for community-acquired pneumonia in outpatients, initial antibiotic therapy for community-acquired pneumonia in patients who require hospitalization, antibiotic choices for aspiration pneumonia, pneumonia severity index scoring, and mortality by pneumonia severity index point score. This review contains 2 figures, 9 tables, and 87 references Key words: Pulmonary infections; Pneumonia; Tuberculosis; Lung infection; Mycobacteria; Community-acquired pneumonia; Health care-associated pneumonia; Aspiration pneumonia; Empyema; Legionnaires disease

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High Rates of Bacterial Pulmonary Co-Infections and Superinfections Identified by Multiplex PCR among Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9122483 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 2483

Author(s):

Regev Cohen ◽

Frida Babushkin ◽

Talya Finn ◽

Keren Geller ◽

Hanna Alexander ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Critically Ill ◽

Patient Outcomes ◽

Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽

Ventilator Associated Pneumonia ◽

Pulmonary Infections ◽

Predictive Values ◽

Panel Testing ◽

Poor Patient ◽

Ventilated Patients

Background: The role of bacterial co-infection and superinfection among critically ill COVID-19 patients remains unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the rates and characteristics of pulmonary infections, and associated outcomes of ventilated patients in our facility. Methods: This was a retrospective study of ventilated COVID-19 patients between March 2020 and March 2021 that underwent BioFire®, FilmArray® Pneumonia Panel, testing. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) was defined when identified during the first 72 h of hospitalization, and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) when later. Results: 148 FilmArray tests were obtained from 93 patients. With FilmArray, 17% of patients had CAP (16/93) and 68% had VAP (64/93). Patients with VAP were older than those with CAP or those with no infection (68.5 vs. 57–59 years), had longer length of stay and higher mortality (51% vs. 10%). The most commonly identified FilmArray target organisms were H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, M. catarrhalis and E. cloacae for CAP and P. aeruginosa and S. aureus for VAP. FilmArray tests had high negative predictive values (99.6%) and lower positive predictive values (~60%). Conclusions: We found high rates of both CAP and VAP among the critically ill, caused by the typical and expected organisms for both conditions. VAP diagnosis was associated with poor patient outcomes.

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Atypical Pulmonary Infections

10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0027 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rod Rahimi

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Severity Of Illness ◽

Health Department ◽

Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽

State Health ◽

Pulmonary Infections ◽

Radiological Features ◽

Progressive Respiratory Failure ◽

Pontiac Fever ◽

Legionnaires Disease

Legionellosis or Legionnaires’ disease (LD) is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia and can cause rapidly progressive respiratory failure and septic shock. Respiratory symptoms generally predominate; nonspecific symptoms include fever, malaise, myalgias, anorexia, and headache. There are no characteristic presenting clinical or radiological features, and the severity of illness can range from mild to severe. Although erythromycin was initially used to treat LD, trials have demonstrated that the newer macrolides and the respiratory fluoroquinolones are the antimicrobial agents of choice. Given the potential for outbreaks of LD, documented cases should be reported to the local or state health department. Along with LD, Legionella may cause Pontiac Fever, an influenza-like illness without pneumonia, which is self-limiting and does not require treatment.

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Pulmonary Infections

10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0619 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Charles F. Thomas ◽

Sean M. Caples

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Lung Disease ◽

Bacterial Pneumonia ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽

Pulmonary Infections ◽

Mycobacterial Disease ◽

Mycobacterial Infections ◽

Different Types

Different types of infections affect the lungs. Viral infections include viral pneumonia, influenza, hantavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Bacterial infections include sinusitis, otitis media, pharyngitis, bacterial pneumonia, and community-acquired pneumonia. Mycobacterial infections cause tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial disease. Fungal diseases include histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, and aspergillosis. Parasitic lung disease is also reviewed.

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Pneumonia and Other Pulmonary Infections

10.2310/em.4140 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Karen D. Serrano ◽

Scott A. Fruhan

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Antibiotic Therapy ◽

Cause Of Death ◽

Pulmonary Infection ◽

Pneumonia Severity Index ◽

Severity Index ◽

The United States ◽

Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽

Pulmonary Infections ◽

Pneumonia Severity

Pulmonary infections span a wide spectrum, ranging from self-limited to life threatening. Pneumonia refers to infection of lung parenchyma, specifically the alveolar or gas-exchanging portions of the lung. Taken together, pneumonia and influenza rank as the sixth leading cause of death in the United States and the leading infectious cause of death in the United States and the world. Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB, historically a leading cause of death worldwide, remains an enormous global public health epidemic in much of the developing world. Rates of coinfection with HIV are high, and HIV increases the morbidity and mortality associated with TB. This review details the pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of pulmonary infection, including pneumonia, empyema, pulmonary abscess, and tuberculosis (TB). Figures show chest radiographs of reactivation pulmonary tuberculosis, HIV-infected patients with proven culture-confirmed tuberculosis, prominent hilar adenopathy with clear lung fields, and bilateral interstitial changes; and treatment of drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis. Tables list major causes of pulmonary infection, host defence mechanisms against pulmonary infection, initial empirical antibiotic therapy in patients with suspected community-acquired pneumonia, initial antibiotic therapy for community-acquired pneumonia in outpatients, initial antibiotic therapy for community-acquired pneumonia in patients who require hospitalization, antibiotic choices for aspiration pneumonia, pneumonia severity index scoring, and mortality by pneumonia severity index point score. This review contains 2 figures, 9 tables, and 87 references Key words: Pulmonary infections; Pneumonia; Tuberculosis; Lung infection; Mycobacteria; Community-acquired pneumonia; Health care-associated pneumonia; Aspiration pneumonia; Empyema; Legionnaires disease

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Peculiarities of bacterial agents of pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. Preventive measures for pulmonary infections in immunocompromised patients (literature review)

Aspirantskiy Vestnik Povolzhiya ◽

10.17816/2072-2354.2019.19.3.109-115 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (5-6) ◽

pp. 109-115

Author(s):

Maxim O. Zolotov

Keyword(s):

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Literature Review ◽

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Immunocompromised Patients ◽

Pulmonary Infections ◽

Lethal Outcome ◽

Causative Agents

The problem of HIV infection in Russia remains topical, despite the active prevention and use of antiretroviral therapy. The main causes of hospitalization and lethal outcome among HIV patients are respiratory diseases, community-acquired pneumonia in particular. This article analyzes the literature data on causative agents of pneumonia in HIV-positive patients, the possibility to vaccinate such patients and its effectiveness.

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