Aggregations of prey fish, golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas), were examined during 7 yr of predator manipulations in two lakes to determine whether they responded to changes in predation pressure and varied with time-of-day, age, and habitat. Regression analysis was used to examine aggregation in 12 replicate prey densities from two time periods, two ages, two habitats, three sample series, and seven predator densities. Aggregation was assessed as the variance of mean densities for each treatment combination. Multiple regression and ANCOVA analyses indicated that (1) golden shiner aggregated more during day than night, (2) their aggregation was positively related to predator density, (3) young shiner aggregated more than older ones at low predator densities, and (4) aggregation in older shiner was more responsive to increased predator densities than aggregation in younger shiner. These results provide empirical evidence that golden shiner aggregation patterns respond to predation pressure and the response varies with time and age. These results also suggest that variance in net catches can provide an index of fish aggregation and that aggregation observed at the population level is not solely dependent on species and density, but is a behavioural response mediated by several factors including predators.
Effects of predation pressure and resource use on morphological divergence in omnivorous prey fish
