Multiple Sox genes are expressed in stem cells or in differentiating neuro-sensory cells in the hydrozoan Clytia hemisphaerica

AbstractNeural crest stem cells (NCPCs) have been shown to differentiate into various cell types and tissues during embryonic development, including sensory neurons. The few studies addressing the generation of NCPCs and peripheral sensory neurons (PSNs) from human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (hiPSCs), generated sensory cells without displaying robust activity. Here, we describe an efficient strategy for hiPSCs differentiation into NCPCs and functional PSNs using chemically defined media and factors to achieve efficient differentiation, confirmed by the expression of specific markers. After 10 days hiPSCs differentiated into NCPCs, cells were then maintained in neural induction medium containing defined growth factors for PSNs differentiation, followed by 10 days in neonatal human epidermal keratinocytes-(HEKn-) conditioned medium. We observed a further increase in PSN markers expression and neurites length after conditioned medium treatment. The resulting neurons released substance P (SP) in response to nociceptive agents such as anandamide and resiniferatoxin. Anandamide induced substance P release via activation of TRPV1 and not CB1. Transcriptomic analysis of the PSNs revealed the main dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neuronal markers and a transcriptional profile compatible with C-LTMR. TRPV1 was detected by immunofluorescence and RNA-Seq in multiple experiments. In conclusion, the developed strategy generated PSNs useful for drug screening that could be applied to patient-derived hiPSCs, consisting in a powerful tool to model human diseases in vitro.

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Gene Delivery into the Inner Ear and Its Clinical Implications for Hearing and Balance

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules23102507 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (10) ◽

pp. 2507 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Sho Kanzaki

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Hair Cell ◽

Inner Ear ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Endolymphatic Hydrops ◽

Topical Administration ◽

Acoustic Trauma ◽

Sensory Cells ◽

Road Map ◽

Cell Proliferation And Differentiation

The inner ear contains many types of cell, including sensory hair cells and neurons. If these cells are damaged, they do not regenerate. Inner ear disorders have various etiologies. Some are related to aging or are idiopathic, as in sudden deafness. Others occur due to acoustic trauma, exposure to ototoxic drugs, viral infections, immune responses, or endolymphatic hydrops (Meniere’s disease). For these disorders, inner ear regeneration therapy is expected to be a feasible alternative to cochlear implants for hearing recovery. Recently, the mechanisms underlying inner ear regeneration have been gradually clarified. Inner ear cell progenitors or stem cells have been identified. Factors necessary for regeneration have also been elucidated from the mechanism of hair cell generation. Inducing differentiation of endogenous stem cells or inner ear stem cell transplantation is expected. In this paper, we discuss recent approaches to hair cell proliferation and differentiation for inner ear regeneration. We discuss the future road map for clinical application. The therapies mentioned above require topical administration of transgenes or drug onto progenitors of sensory cells. Developing efficient and safe modes of administration is clinically important. In this regard, we also discuss our development of an inner ear endoscope to facilitate topical administration.

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The behavioral and developmental physiology of nematocysts

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z02-135 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 80 (10) ◽

pp. 1772-1794 ◽

Cited By ~ 129

Author(s):

G Kass-Simon ◽

A A Scappaticci, Jr.

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Frequency Response ◽

Electrical Signal ◽

Sensory Cells ◽

Mechanical Stimuli ◽

Functional Categories ◽

Multipotent Stem Cells ◽

Calcium Dependent ◽

Developmental Physiology ◽

Pattern Determination

Nematocysts are the nonliving secretions of specialized cells, the nematocytes, which develop from multipotent stem cells. Nematocysts are the means by which coelenterates capture prey and defend against predation. The 25 or more known types of nematocysts can be divided into to four functional categories: those that pierce, ensnare, or adhere to prey, and those that adhere to the substrate. During development a collagenous cyst, which may contain toxins, forms; a hollow thread, which becomes coiled as it invaginates, develops. Maturing nematocytenematocyst complexes migrate to their discharge sites and are deployed in specific patterns. The mechanisms of pattern determination are not clear. Discharge of nematocysts appears to involve increases in intracapsular osmotic pressure consequent upon release of bound calcium within the capsule; the eversion of the filament may depend upon release of structural tension consequent upon a loss of zinc from the thread. Evidence exists that discharge is initiated as a calcium-dependent exocytosis, triggered by an electrical signal resulting from the transduction of mechanical stimuli received at the nematocyte's cnidocil. Chemical signals transduced in adjacent sensory cells alter the frequency response of the nematocyte. In opposition to the nematocytenematocyst independent effector hypothesis, excitatory and inhibitory neuronal input appears to regulate discharge.

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301 THE VOMERONASAL ORGAN AS A NEW SOURCE OF STEM CELLS FOR CELL THERAPY

Reproduction Fertility and Development ◽

10.1071/rdv25n1ab301 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 298

Author(s):

M. N. Rodrigues ◽

G. C. Pignatari ◽

K. E. B. Grondona ◽

R. C. Carvalho ◽

M. A. Miglino

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Cell Growth ◽

Cell Therapy ◽

High Glucose ◽

Culture Media ◽

Basal Layer ◽

Vomeronasal Organ ◽

Sensory Cells ◽

Positive Staining ◽

Stem Cell Markers

The vomeronasal organ (VNO), part of the olfactory system, is located at the base of the nasal cavity at both sides of the nasal septum. The VNO has a tubular shape and possesses receptors to detect pheromones that enable animals to modulate social and reproductive behaviour. Its sensory cells show neurogenesis throughout life, supplied by proliferating stem cells situated at the basal layer that migrate to the surface and generate sensory neurons. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterise stem cells from the VNO in a laboratory animal model species, the New Zealand rabbit. Five males were used for cell isolation and cultivation of stem cells. Three culture media were tested: α-MEM, DMEM-F12, and DMEM-high glucose. As typical for stem cells, isolated cells had a fibroblastic shape, were adhered to the plastic, and achieved good convergence. The cells expanded in all 3 culture media at Day 13. At Day 20, they reached sufficient confluency to promote cell growth and trypsinization. Microscopic analysis revealed that confluence and cell growth were best in DMEM-high glucose medium, confirmed by the proliferation assay (MTT). Cultured stem cells differentiated functionally into adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. They did not form tumours when injected into immunocompromised nude mice. In flow cytometry, the cultured cells were negative for CD45 and CD34 and positive for CD105, CD90, Oct3/4, and Stro-1, characterising them as mesenchymal cells. In immunocytochemistry, positive staining was observed for Nanog, vimentin, cytokeratin, Oct3/4, and GFAP. In conclusion, the expression of mesenchymal stem cell markers, the nonexpression of endothelial and haematopoietic markers, as well as the classical patterns of differentiation (adipo-, osteo-, and chondrocytes) and growing processes, indicated that these cells were mesenchymal stem cells. Thus, they may have high therapeutic potential for cell therapy in animals with problems related to reproduction and olfactory function.

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Advancements in Stem Cell Technology and Organoids for the Restoration of Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Journal of the American Academy of Audiology ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1728677 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jenna E. Bergman ◽

Camron Davies ◽

Alexa J. Denton ◽

Peter E. Ashman ◽

Rahul Mittal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Hearing Loss ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Cell Therapy ◽

Sensorineural Hearing Loss ◽

Inner Ear ◽

Stem Cell Therapy ◽

Sensory Cells ◽

Regenerative Therapy ◽

Promising Technique

Abstract Background Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is a significant cause of morbidity worldwide and currently has no curative treatment. Technological advancements in stem cell therapy have led to numerous studies that examine the generation of otic sensory cells from progenitors to restore inner ear function. Recently, organoids have emerged as a promising technique to further advance the process of creating functional replacement cells after irreversible hearing loss. Organoids are the three-dimensional generation of stem cells in culture to model the tissue organization and cellular components of the inner ear. Organoids have emerged as a promising technique to create functioning cochlear structures in vitro and may provide crucial information for the utilization of stem cells to restore SNHL. Purpose The purpose of this review is to discuss the recent advancements in stem cell-based regenerative therapy for SNHL. Results Recent studies have improved our understanding about the developmental pathways involved in the generation of hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons. However, significant challenges remain in elucidating the molecular interactions and interplay required for stem cells to differentiate and function as otic sensory cells. A few of the challenges encountered with traditional stem cell therapy may be addressed with organoids. Conclusion Stem cell-based regenerative therapy holds a great potential for developing novel treatment modalities for SNHL. Further advancements are needed in addressing the challenges associated with stem cell-based regenerative therapy and promote their translation from bench to bedside.

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Generation of inner ear sensory cells from bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells

Regenerative Medicine ◽

10.2217/rme.12.65 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (6) ◽

pp. 769-783 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

M Beatriz Durán Alonso ◽

Ana Feijoo-Redondo ◽

Magnolia Conde de Felipe ◽

Estela Carnicero ◽

Ana Sánchez García ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Bone Marrow ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Inner Ear ◽

Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Sensory Cells

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A Study on the Fine Structure of the Lateral Line Organ of the Sea Eel

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100073684 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 648-649

Author(s):

K. Hama

Keyword(s):

Fine Structure ◽

Electron Microscope ◽

Lateral Line ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Sensory Cells ◽

Apical Surface ◽

Voltage Electron ◽

Sensory Epithelia ◽

Low Frequency Vibration ◽

Transmission Electron

The lateral line organs of the sea eel consist of canal and pit organs which are different in function. The former is a low frequency vibration detector whereas the latter functions as an ion receptor as well as a mechano receptor.The fine structure of the sensory epithelia of both organs were studied by means of ordinary transmission electron microscope, high voltage electron microscope and of surface scanning electron microscope.The sensory cells of the canal organ are polarized in front-caudal direction and those of the pit organ are polarized in dorso-ventral direction. The sensory epithelia of both organs have thinner surface coats compared to the surrounding ordinary epithelial cells, which have very thick fuzzy coatings on the apical surface.

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Fluorocitrate Neural Dystrophy of the Guinea Pig Cochlea

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100115468 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 33 ◽

pp. 368-369

Author(s):

G.J. Spector ◽

C.D. Carr ◽

I. Kaufman Arenberg ◽

R.H. Maisel

Keyword(s):

Hearing Loss ◽

Hair Cells ◽

Sodium Phosphate ◽

Sensory Cells ◽

Barium Salt ◽

Perfusion Medium ◽

Cochlear Hair Cells ◽

Neural Degeneration ◽

Sodium Phosphate Buffer ◽

Cochlear Neurons

All studies on primary neural degeneration in the cochlea have evaluated the end stages of degeneration or the indiscriminate destruction of both sensory cells and cochlear neurons. We have developed a model which selectively simulates the dystrophic changes denoting cochlear neural degeneration while sparing the cochlear hair cells. Such a model can be used to define more precisely the mechanism of presbycusis or the hearing loss in aging man.Twenty-two pigmented guinea pigs (200-250 gm) were perfused by the perilymphatic route as live preparations using fluorocitrate in various concentrations (15-250 ug/cc) and at different incubation times (5-150 minutes). The barium salt of DL fluorocitrate, (C6H4O7F)2Ba3, was reacted with 1.0N sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium as a sulfate. The perfusion medium was prepared, just prior to use, as follows: sodium phosphate buffer 0.2M, pH 7.4 = 9cc; fluorocitrate = 15-200 mg/cc; and sucrose = 0.2M.

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