Vitamin K prophylaxis in newborns

AbstractWe looked at existing recommendations and supporting evidence on the effectiveness of vitamin K given after birth in preventing the haemorrhagic disease of the newborn (HDN).We conducted a literature search up to the 10th of December 2019 by using key terms and manual search in selected sources. We summarized the recommendations and the strength of the recommendation when and as reported by the authors. We summarized the main findings of systematic reviews with the certainty of the evidence as reported.All newborns should receive vitamin K prophylaxis, as it has been proven that oral and intramuscular prophylactic vitamin K given after birth are effective for preventing classical HDN. There are no randomized trials looking at the efficacy of vitamin K supplement on late HDN. There are no randomized trials comparing the oral and intramuscular route of administration of prophylactic vitamin K in newborns. From older trials and surveillance data, it seems that there is no significant difference between the intramuscular and the oral regimens for preventing classical and late HDN, provided that the oral regimen is duly completed. Evidence assessing vitamin K prophylaxis in preterm infants is scarce.

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Randomization methods and cluster size in cluster randomized trials conducted in elementary and high schools

Vojnosanitetski pregled ◽

10.2298/vsp210708087p ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 87-87

Author(s):

Mirjana Pajcin ◽

Zoran Bukumiric ◽

Jelena Tomasevic ◽

Aleksandra Ilic

Keyword(s):

Cluster Size ◽

Literature Search ◽

Randomized Trials ◽

Study Groups ◽

Cluster Randomization ◽

Entire Sample ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Cluster Randomized ◽

Larger Sample ◽

Randomization Method

Background: Randomization allows study groups to be formed so that they are similar in all characteristics except outcomes. Aim: The aim of this study is to examine the frequency of randomization methods and their effect on achieving baseline balance in cluster randomization studies conducted in schools. Methods: A literature search of MEDLINE bibliographic database shows that the total number of collected articles in full text was 343, out of which 81 were eligible for inclusion. Each publication was reviewed by two independent reviewers, and data was extracted and analyzed. Results: Stratification was the most commonly applied randomization method, reported in 28 trials (34.6 %). There was no statistically significant difference in the number of subjects and clusters, as well as in cluster size between trial?s groups in studies in which simple randomization was used. However, there was a statistically significant difference in number of subjects and clusters between groups in trials in which restricted randomization methods were used. Yet, there was no difference in the cluster size. Conclusion: Although there is no difference in the size of clusters between trial arms, either at the level of the entire sample or in relation to randomization methods applied, additional research should be conducted on larger sample in order to establish the effect of randomization methods on baseline balance, when the size of clusters is in question.

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Oral vitamin K prophylaxis and late haemorrhagic disease of the newborn

The Lancet ◽

10.1016/s0140-6736(94)91187-8 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 343 (8893) ◽

pp. 352 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Rüdiger von Kries ◽

Ulrich Göbel

Keyword(s):

Vitamin K ◽

Oral Vitamin ◽

Vitamin K Prophylaxis ◽

Haemorrhagic Disease

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Prophylaxis of caries with fluoride for children under five years

BMC Pediatrics ◽

10.1186/s12887-021-02702-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (S1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sophie Jullien

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Dental Fluorosis ◽

Fluoride Concentration ◽

Supporting Evidence ◽

Fluoride Level ◽

Manual Search ◽

Key Terms ◽

Topical Fluorides ◽

Different Levels ◽

Children Under 5

AbstractWe looked at existing recommendations and supporting evidence on the effectiveness and potential harms of the different fluoride interventions in preventing dental caries in children under 5 years of age.We conducted a literature search up to the 12th of September 2019 by using key terms and manual search in selected sources. We summarized the recommendations and the strength of the recommendation when and as reported by the authors. We summarized the main findings of systematic reviews with the certainty of the evidence as reported.Water fluoridation has been widely implemented worldwide for several decades and evidence shows it reduces the prevalence of dental caries. Salt or milk fluoridation are other collective fluoride interventions that are also effective to prevent dental caries in children. The evidence of effects of oral fluoride supplements for caries prevention is limited and inconsistent. The use of fluoride toothpastes has consistently been proven to be effective in the prevention of dental caries. The evidence for the effects of the different levels of fluoride concentration in toothpastes is more limited. Topical fluorides (gels and varnishes) are effective in preventing dental caries and are mainly recommended to children with high risk of dental caries. Early childhood intake of fluoride supplements and fluoride level of 0.7 ppm (ppm) in drinking water are associated with the risk of dental fluorosis, ranging from minor forms to severe forms that are of aesthetic concerns.

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Vitamin K prophylaxis against haemorrhagic disease of the newborn in the United Kingdom.

BMJ ◽

10.1136/bmj.303.6810.1109 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 303 (6810) ◽

pp. 1109-1109 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

J Handel ◽

J H Tripp

Keyword(s):

United Kingdom ◽

Vitamin K ◽

Vitamin K Prophylaxis ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Haemorrhagic Disease

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VITAMIN K PROPHYLAXIS FOR HAEMORRHAGIC DISEASE IN INFANCY.

Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health ◽

10.1111/j.1440-1754.1993.tb00481.x ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 182-182 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Keyword(s):

Vitamin K ◽

Vitamin K Prophylaxis ◽

Haemorrhagic Disease

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Vision screening in newborns and early childhood

BMC Pediatrics ◽

10.1186/s12887-021-02606-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (S1) ◽

Author(s):

Sophie Jullien

Keyword(s):

Task Force ◽

Screening Tests ◽

Supporting Evidence ◽

Vision Screening ◽

Net Benefit ◽

Manual Search ◽

Uncertain Evidence ◽

The Us ◽

Low Prevalence ◽

Key Terms

AbstractWe looked at existing recommendations and supporting evidence on the effectiveness of screening for visual disorders in newborns and small infants, and in children between six months and five years of age.We conducted a literature search up to the 5th of August 2019 by using key terms and manual search in selected sources. We summarized the recommendations and the strength of the recommendations when and as reported by the authors. We summarized the main findings of systematic reviews with the certainty of the evidence as reported on the accuracy of screening tests for detecting visual alterations; the efficacy of treatment for improving visual acuity, school performance, and quality of life; and potential harms derived from vision screening and treating visual alterations.Although there is little evidence supporting its validity and effectiveness, examining all newborns for congenital cataract and retinoblastoma through the red reflex examination is widely accepted due to the severity of both diseases and the good outcomes reached by early detection and treatment.Overall, there is a moderate certainty of evidence that visual screening in children between three and five years provides a moderate net benefit, as assessed by the US Preventive Services Task Force: vision screening tests are accurate for detecting amblyopia and its risk factors, and their treatment is associated with visual improvement. There is uncertain evidence on whether vision screening in children under three years of age provides net benefits. Among populations with a low prevalence of vision abnormalities, screening the youngest is associated with an increased rate of false positives, leading to unnecessary additional assessment.

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A review of the treatment options for skin rash induced by EGFR-targeted therapies: Evidence from randomized clinical trials and a metaanalysis

Radiology and Oncology ◽

10.2478/raon-2013-0014 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 166-175 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Janja Ocvirk ◽

Steffen Heeger ◽

Philip McCloud ◽

Ralf-Dieter Hofheinz

Keyword(s):

Skin Rash ◽

Vitamin K ◽

Targeted Therapies ◽

Literature Search ◽

Randomized Trials ◽

Randomized Clinical Trials ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Targeted Agents ◽

Oral Antibiotics

Background.Agents targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are amongst the most extensively used of the targeted agents in the therapy of some of the most common solid tumors. Although they avoid many of the classic side effects associated with cytotoxic chemotherapy, they are associated with unpleasant cutaneous toxicities which can affect treatment compliance and impinge on patient quality of life. To date, despite a plethora of consensus recommendations, expert opinions and reviews, there is a paucity of evidence-based guidance for the management of the skin rash that occurs in the treatment of patients receiving EGFR-targeted therapies.Methods.A literature search was conducted as a first step towards investigating not only an evidence-based approach to the management of skin rash, but also with a view to designing future randomized trials. Results. The literature search identified seven randomized trials and a meta-analysis was conducted using the data from four of these trials involving oral antibiotics. The meta-analysis of the data from these four trials suggests that prophylactic antibiotics might reduce the relative risk of severe rash associated with EGFR-targeted agents by 42-77%. Vitamin K cream was also identified as having a potential role in the management EGFR-targeted agent induced rash.Conclusions.This review and meta-analysis clearly identify the need for further randomized studies of the role of oral antibiotics in this setting. The results of the ongoing randomized trials of the topical application of vitamin K cream plus or minus doxycycline and employing prophylactic versus reactive strategies are eagerly awaited.

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Vitamin D prophylaxis in infancy

BMC Pediatrics ◽

10.1186/s12887-021-02776-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (S1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sophie Jullien

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Optimal Dose ◽

Vitamin D Supplementation ◽

Blood Levels ◽

Supporting Evidence ◽

Children At Risk ◽

Manual Search ◽

Key Terms ◽

Higher Doses

AbstractWe looked at existing recommendations and supporting evidence on the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in infancy for reducing vitamin D deficiency and for preventing rickets and infections. We also looked at optimal dose of vitamin D and the age until which vitamin D supplementation is beneficial.We conducted a literature search up to the 17th of July 2019 by using key terms and manual search in selected sources. We summarized the recommendations and the strength of the recommendation when and as reported by the authors. We summarized the main findings of systematic reviews with the certainty of the evidence as reported.A daily dose of 400 international units of vitamin D in infants has shown to be effective for improving bone health and preventing rickets. Evidence is more robust in groups of infants and children at risk. Vitamin D supplementation is well tolerated, and not associated with toxicity. Higher doses have not shown to add benefit while it could potentially cause toxic blood levels and hypercalcemia. Adequate levels of vitamin D might not be achieved with lower daily doses. Universal vitamin D supplementation starting shortly after birth, regardless of the mode of feeding and until 12 months of age, is strongly recommended. Beyond 12 months of age vitamin D supplementation is recommended only in groups of children at risk.

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