scholarly journals Psychotically driven aggression is associated with greater mentalizing challenges in psychotic spectrum disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anette GM Johansson ◽  
Malin Källman ◽  
Lennart Högman ◽  
Marianne Kristiansson ◽  
Håkan Fischer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Antipsychotic Medication ◽  
Goal Attainment ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Past History ◽  
Intellectual Ability ◽  
Swedish Version ◽  
History Of ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Matrix Reasoning

Abstract Background Some aggressive acts committed by individuals with psychotic spectrum disorders (PSD) are understandable in the context of interpersonal conflict or goal attainment, yet others are unpredictable, arising from delusions or hallucinations (psychotically driven aggressive acts, PDA). It is unknown if there are underlying differences in cognitive or perceptive social cognition in relation to aggression motivation in PSD. Method We compared differences in social cognition performance between 49 individuals with PSD who had committed PDA with those exhibiting other types of aggression (n = 31) (non-PDA) and to community controls (n = 81) on the Swedish version of Double Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition – Multiple Choice (DMASC-MC). Participants with PSD had more than 3 months of clinical stability and substance use abstention and stable antipsychotic medication doses. General intellectual ability was assessed with the information and matrix reasoning subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scales. Results The PSD group with a history of PDA exhibited lower total and perceptive social cognition scores on the DMASC-MC than the non-PDA group and controls. In addition, they also showed lower cognitive scores compared to typical controls. Lower total scores were associated with lower scores on Wechsler intelligence subtests information and matrix reasoning. Taking this into account, the PDA group still had lower social cognition scores. There were no associations of antipsychotic medication dosages, positive or negative symptoms with social cognition scores. Higher antipsychotic dosage at the time of DMASC-MC testing and social cognition scores predicted a past history of PDA. Conclusions We conclude that impaired social cognition, particularly perceptive social cognition, is associated with PDA in individuals with PSD.

scholarly journals Memory in health and in schizophrenia

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-410 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Memory Processing ◽  
Flat Affect ◽  
History Of

Memory is an important capacity needed for survival in a changing environment, and its principles are shared across species. These principles have been studied since the inception of behavioral science, and more recently neuroscience has helped understand brain systems and mechanisms responsible for enabling aspects of memory. Here we outline the history of work on memory and its neural underpinning, and describe the major dimensions of memory processing that have been evaluated by cognitive neuroscience, focusing on episodic memory. We present evidence in healthy populations for sex differences-females outperforming in verbal and face memory, and age effects-slowed memory processes with age. We then describe deficits associated with schizophrenia. Impairment in schizophrenia is more severe in patients with negative symptoms-especially flat affect-who also show deficits in measures of social cognition. This evidence implicates medial temporal and frontal regions in schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Neurocognition and social cognition in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders with and without a history of violence: results of a multinational European study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Iozzino ◽  
Philip D. Harvey ◽  
Nicola Canessa ◽  
Pawel Gosek ◽  
Janusz Heitzman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Forensic Patients ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Violence ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

Abstract Objective Neurocognitive impairment has been extensively studied in people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and seems to be one of the major determinants of functional outcome in this clinical population. Data exploring the link between neuropsychological deficits and the risk of violence in schizophrenia has been more inconsistent. In this study, we analyse the differential predictive potential of neurocognition and social cognition to discriminate patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders with and without a history of severe violence. Methods Overall, 398 (221 cases and 177 controls) patients were recruited in forensic and general psychiatric settings across five European countries and assessed using a standardized battery. Results Education and processing speed were the strongest discriminators between forensic and non-forensic patients, followed by emotion recognition. In particular, increased accuracy for anger recognition was the most distinctive feature of the forensic group. Conclusions These results may have important clinical implications, suggesting potential enhancements of the assessment and treatment of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders with a history of violence, who may benefit from consideration of socio-cognitive skills commonly neglected in ordinary clinical practice.

Effect of substance misuse in early psychosis

1998 ◽  
Vol 172 (S33) ◽  
pp. 134-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Addington ◽  
Donald Addington
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Substance Misuse ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Past History ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
First Episode ◽  
History Of

Background Studies examining the temporal relationship between substance use and the onset of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia are inconclusive.Method Three groups of out-patients with schizophrenia were compared on onset of illness, symptoms and quality of life. Fifty-one subjects had no past or present history of substance misuse, 29 subjects had a history of past substance misuse occurring around the onset of their illness, and 33 subjects were currently misusing substances.Results Current substance misusers had poorer quality of life scores and less negative symptoms than the non-users. Those who had a past history of substance misuse had a significantly earlier age of onset than those with no substance use.Conclusions Attention should be paid to substance misuse present at the first episode. Treatment for schizophrenia should begin even though a diagnosis of drug-induced psychosis cannot be ruled out.

The Relationship between Negative Symptoms and Both Emotion Management and Non-social Cognition in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Caitlin O. B. Yolland ◽  
Sean P. Carruthers ◽  
Wei Lin Toh ◽  
Erica Neill ◽  
Philip J. Sumner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Emotion Management ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objective: There is ongoing debate regarding the relationship between clinical symptoms and cognition in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). The present study aimed to explore the potential relationships between symptoms, with an emphasis on negative symptoms, and social and non-social cognition. Method: Hierarchical cluster analysis with k-means optimisation was conducted to characterise clinical subgroups using the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms and Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms in n = 130 SSD participants. Emergent clusters were compared on the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, which measures non-social cognition and emotion management as well as demographic and clinical variables. Spearman’s correlations were then used to investigate potential relationships between specific negative symptoms and emotion management and non-social cognition. Results: Four distinct clinical subgroups were identified: 1. high hallucinations, 2. mixed symptoms, 3. high negative symptoms, and 4. relatively asymptomatic. The high negative symptom subgroup was found to have significantly poorer emotion management than the high hallucination and relatively asymptomatic subgroups. No further differences between subgroups were observed. Correlation analyses revealed avolition-apathy and anhedonia-asociality were negatively correlated with emotion management, but not non-social cognition. Affective flattening and alogia were not associated with either emotion management or non-social cognition. Conclusions: The present study identified associations between negative symptoms and emotion management within social cognition, but no domains of non-social cognition. This relationship may be specific to motivation, anhedonia and apathy, but not expressive deficits. This suggests that targeted interventions for social cognition may also result in parallel improvement in some specific negative symptoms.

Obsessional Symptoms Associated with Risperidone Treatment

1998 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rathi Mahendran
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Antipsychotic Medication ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Past History ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms ◽  
History Of ◽  
Risperidone Treatment

Objective: The aim of this paper is to report the occurrence of obsessional symptoms with risperidone treatment in a patient with no past history of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Clinical picture: A 26–year-old, single, Chinese lady with a chronic untreated schizophrenic illness was prescribed risperidone after she experienced side effects with other antipsychotic medication. After the second week on risperidone, she developed obsessional symptoms. Treatment and Outcome: The obsessional symptoms responded to treatment with low dose clomipramine. Conclusion: The potential for the newer antipsychotic medication to precipitate or exacerbate obsessive-compulsive symptoms during treatment for schizophrenia must be borne in mind.

scholarly journals Lower- and Higher-Level Social Cognitive Factors Across Individuals With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders and Healthy Controls: Relationship With Neurocognition and Functional Outcome

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 629-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay D Oliver ◽  
John D Haltigan ◽  
James M Gold ◽  
George Foussias ◽  
Pamela DeRosse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Functional Outcome ◽  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

Abstract Background Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) often feature social cognitive deficits. However, little work has focused on the factor structure of social cognition, and results have been inconsistent in schizophrenia. This study aimed to elucidate the factor structure of social cognition across people with SSDs and healthy controls. It was hypothesized that a 2-factor model, including lower-level “simulation” and higher-level “mentalizing” factors, would demonstrate the best fit across participants. Methods Participants with SSDs (N = 164) and healthy controls (N = 102) completed social cognitive tasks ranging from emotion recognition to complex mental state inference, as well as clinical and functional outcome, and neurocognitive measures. Structural equation modeling was used to test social cognitive models, models of social cognition and neurocognition, measurement invariance between cases and controls, and relationships with outcome measures. Results A 2-factor (simulation and mentalizing) model fit the social cognitive data best across participants and showed adequate measurement invariance in both SSD and control groups. Patients showed lower simulation and mentalizing scores than controls, but only mentalizing was significantly associated with negative symptoms and functional outcome. Social cognition also mediated the relationship between neurocognition and both negative symptoms and functional outcome. Conclusions These results uniquely indicate that distinct lower- and higher-level aspects of social cognition exist across SSDs and healthy controls. Further, mentalizing may be particularly linked to negative symptoms and functional outcome. This informs future studies of the neural circuitry underlying social cognition and the development of targeted treatment options for improving functional outcome.

Social Cognition in Children Autism Spectrum Disorders: An Eye Tracking Study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Galli ◽  
F. Gitti ◽  
M. Lanaro ◽  
A. Rizzi ◽  
M.A. Pavlova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

PREVALENCE AND RELATED FACTORS OF POSTNATAL DEPRESSION IN HIV INFECTED WOMEN

2014 ◽  
pp. 140-152
Author(s):  
Manh Hoan Nguyen ◽  
Ngoc Thanh Cao
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Postnatal Depression ◽  
Past History ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Depression

Background and Objective: HIV infection is also a cause of postpartum depression, however, in Vietnam, there has not yet the prevalence of postpartum depression in HIV infected women. The objective is to determine prevalence and related factors of postpartum depression in HIV infected women. Materials and Methods: From November 30th, 2012 to March 30th, 2014, a prospective cohort study is done at Dong Nai and Binh Duong province. The sample includes135 HIV infected women and 405 non infected women (ratio 1/3) who accepted to participate to the research. We used “Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) as a screening test when women hospitalized for delivery and 1 week, 6weeks postpartum. Mother who score EPDS ≥ 13 are likely to be suffering from depression. We exclude women who have EPDS ≥ 13 since just hospitalize. Data are collected by a structural questionaire. Results: At 6 weeks postpartum, prevalence of depression in HIV infected women is 61%, in the HIV non infected women is 8.7% (p < 0.001). There are statistical significant differences (p<0.05) between two groups for some factors: education, profession, income, past history of depression, child’s health, breast feeding. Logistical regression analysis determine these factors are related with depression: late diagnosis of HIV infection, child infected of HIV, feeling guilty of HIV infected and feeling guilty with their family. Multivariate regression analysis showed 4 factors are related with depression: HIV infection, living in the province, child’s health, past history of depression. Conclusion: Prevalence of postpartum depression in HIV infected women is 61.2%; risk of depression of postnatal HIV infected women is 6.4 times the risk of postnatal HIV non infected women, RR=6.4 (95% CI:4.3 – 9.4). Domestic women have lower risk than immigrant women from other province, RR=0.72 (95% CI:0.5 – 0.9). Past history of depression is a risk factor with RR=1.7 (95% CI:1.02 – 0.9. Women whose child is weak or die, RR=1.7(95% CI:0.9 – 3.1). Keywords: Postpartum depression, HIV-positive postpartum women

Nonlocal Gravity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahram Mashhoon
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Gravitational Lensing ◽  
Past History ◽  
Lorentz Invariance ◽  
Minkowski Spacetime ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Local Principle ◽  
History Of ◽  
Expansion Of The Universe ◽  
Nearby Galaxies

A postulate of locality permeates through the special and general theories of relativity. First, Lorentz invariance is extended in a pointwise manner to actual, namely, accelerated observers in Minkowski spacetime. This hypothesis of locality is then employed crucially in Einstein’s local principle of equivalence to render observers pointwise inertial in a gravitational field. Field measurements are intrinsically nonlocal, however. To go beyond the locality postulate in Minkowski spacetime, the past history of the accelerated observer must be taken into account in accordance with the Bohr-Rosenfeld principle. The observer in general carries the memory of its past acceleration. The deep connection between inertia and gravitation suggests that gravity could be nonlocal as well and in nonlocal gravity the fading gravitational memory of past events must then be taken into account. Along this line of thought, a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein’s theory of gravitation has recently been developed. In this nonlocal gravity (NLG) theory, the gravitational field is local, but satisfies a partial integro-differential field equation. A significant observational consequence of this theory is that the nonlocal aspect of gravity appears to simulate dark matter. The implications of NLG are explored in this book for gravitational lensing, gravitational radiation, the gravitational physics of the Solar System and the internal dynamics of nearby galaxies as well as clusters of galaxies. This approach is extended to nonlocal Newtonian cosmology, where the attraction of gravity fades with the expansion of the universe. Thus far only some of the consequences of NLG have been compared with observation.

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