scholarly journals Economic impact of switching from partially combined vaccine “Pentaxim® and hepatitis B” to fully combined vaccine “Hexaxim®” in the Malaysian National Immunization Program

2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Mohamed Aljunid ◽  
Lama Al Bashir ◽  
Aniza Binti Ismail ◽  
Azimatun Noor Aizuddin ◽  
S. A. Zafirah Abdul Rashid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Indirect Cost ◽  
Medical Cost ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
National Immunization Program ◽  
Immunization Program ◽  
Alternative Scheme ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
Combined Vaccine

Abstract Background The decision to implement new vaccines should be supported by public health and economic evaluations. Therefore, this study was primarily designed to evaluate the economic impact of switching from partially combined vaccine (Pentaxim® plus hepatitis B) to fully combined vaccine (Hexaxim®) in the Malaysian National Immunization Program (NIP) and to investigate healthcare professionals (HCPs)’ and parents’/caregivers’ perceptions. Methods In this economic evaluation study, 22 primary healthcare centers were randomly selected in Malaysia between December 2019 and July 2020. The baseline immunization schedule includes switching from Pentaxim® (four doses) and hepatitis B (three doses) to Hexaxim® (four doses), whereas the alternative scheme includes switching from Pentaxim® (four doses) and hepatitis B (three doses) to Hexaxim® (four doses) and hepatitis B (one dose) administered at birth. Direct medical costs were extracted using a costing questionnaire and an observational time and motion chart. Direct non-medical (cost for transportation) and indirect costs (loss of productivity) were derived from parents’/caregivers’ questionnaire. Also, HCPs’ and parent’s/caregivers’ perceptions were investigated using structured questionnaires. Results The cost per dose of Pentaxim® plus hepatitis B vs. Hexaxim® for the baseline scheme was Malaysian ringgit (RM) 31.90 (7.7 United States dollar [USD]) vs. 17.10 (4.1 USD) for direct medical cost, RM 54.40 (13.1 USD) vs. RM 27.20 (6.6 USD) for direct non-medical cost, RM 221.33 (53.3 USD) vs. RM 110.66 (26.7 USD) for indirect cost, and RM 307.63 (74.2 USD) vs. RM 155.00 (37.4 USD) for societal (total) cost. A similar trend was observed for the alternative scheme. Compared with Pentaxim® plus hepatitis B, total cost savings per dose of Hexaxim® were RM 137.20 (33.1 USD) and RM 104.70 (25.2 USD) in the baseline and alternative scheme, respectively. Eighty-four percent of physicians and 95% of nurses supported the use of Hexaxim® in the NIP. The majority of parents/caregivers had a positive perception regarding Hexaxim® vaccine in various aspects. Conclusions Incorporation of Hexaxim® within Malaysian NIP is highly recommended because the use of Hexaxim® has demonstrated substantial direct and indirect cost savings for healthcare providers and parents/caregivers with a high percentage of positive perceptions, compared with Pentaxim® plus hepatitis B. Trial registration Not applicable.

scholarly journals Economic Impact of Switching From Partially Combined Vaccine “Pentaxim ® and Hepatitis B” to Fully Combined Vaccine “Hexaxim ® ” in The Malaysian National Immunization Program

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Mohamed Aljunid ◽  
Lama Al Bashir ◽  
Aniza Binti Ismail ◽  
Azimatun Noor Aizuddin ◽  
S A Zafirah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Indirect Cost ◽  
Medical Cost ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
National Immunization Program ◽  
Immunization Program ◽  
Alternative Scheme ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
Combined Vaccine

Abstract Background: The decision to implement new vaccines should be supported by public health and economic evaluations. Therefore, this study was primarily designed to evaluate the economic impact of switching from partially combined vaccine (Pentaxim® plus hepatitis B) to fully combined vaccine (Hexaxim®) in the Malaysian National Immunization Program (NIP) and to investigate healthcare professionals (HCPs)’ and parents/caregivers’ perceptions.Methods: In this economic evaluation study, 22 primary healthcare centers were randomly selected in Malaysia between December 2019 and July 2020. The baseline immunization schedule includes switching from Pentaxim® (four doses) and hepatitis B (three doses) to Hexaxim® (four doses), whereas alternative scheme includes switching from Pentaxim® (four doses) and hepatitis B (three doses) to Hexaxim® (four doses) and hepatitis B (one dose) administered at birth. Direct medical costs were extracted using a costing questionnaire and an observational time and motion chart. Direct non-medical (cost for transportation) and indirect costs (loss of productivity) were derived from parents/caregiver’s questionnaire. The vaccine societal cost was calculated as cost per dose, per fully immunized child and per birth cohort, and then the net cost savings were calculated upon the total cost of Hexaxim® and Pentaxim® plus hepatitis B. Also, HCPs’ and parents/caregiver’s perceptions were investigated using structured questionnaires.Results: The cost per dose of Pentaxim® plus hepatitis B vs. Hexaxim® was Malaysian ringgit (RM) 31.90 vs. 17.10 (direct medical cost), RM 54.40 vs. RM 27.20 (direct non-medical cost), RM 221.33 vs. RM 110.66 (indirect cost), and RM 307.63 vs. RM 155.00 (total cost). Similar trend was observed for alternative scheme. Compared with Pentaxim® plus hepatitis B, total cost savings per dose of Hexaxim® were RM 137.20 and RM 104.70 in the baseline and alternative scheme, respectively. Conclusions: Incorporation of Hexaxim® within Malaysian NIP is highly recommended because the use of Hexaxim® has demonstrated substantial direct and indirect cost savings for healthcare providers and parents/caregivers with high percentage of positive perceptions, compared with Pentaxim® plus hepatitis B.Trial registration: Not applicable

scholarly journals Incomplete vaccination for conjugated meningococcal C and hepatitis B at municipal, state and federal level: 2015 a 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Dias de Borba ◽  
Carlos Eduardo da Cunha Nascimento ◽  
Gabriel Mael Sussuarana Silva Lobo ◽  
Lucca Gonçalo de Castro Lima ◽  
Camila Lays Winter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
The State ◽  
National Immunization Program ◽  
Immunization Program ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
National Immunization

Brazil has the National Immunization Program for disease prevention that offers nineteen vaccines, yet it is known that vaccination coverage according to age is not always reached. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the vaccination coverage in the municipality of Sinop, in the Mato Grosso state and in the Brazil for meningococcal C conjugate vaccines and Hepatitis B in the period from 2015 to 2019. Method: This is a descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study, with data available in the Information System of the National Immunization Program. Results: Vaccination coverage for mingococcal C in children under one year in Sinop was above the target in 2015 and 2018, Mato Grosso was above only in 2015, for the booster dose only Sinop was above the target in 2016. Coverage for hepatitis B in children under 30 days of life demonstrated that Sinop had coverage above the state of Mato Grosso, which in turn was above Brazil. For children under 1 year old, only in 2016 and 2019 the state presented greater vaccination coverage at the expense of Sinop and Brazil. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that there is hesitation on the part of the population regarding vaccination, being greater in vaccines such as meningococcal C. Strengthening childcare is the key to improving the panorama of vaccine coverage.

scholarly journals Economic assessment of incorporating the Hexavalent vaccine as part of the National Immunization Program of Peru

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice Seinfeld ◽  
María Laura Rosales ◽  
Alfredo Sobrevilla ◽  
Juan Guillermo López Yescas
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Reaction ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Social Costs ◽  
National Immunization Program ◽  
Immunization Program ◽  
Healthcare Budget ◽  
Alternative Scheme ◽  
Budgetary Impact ◽  
Hexavalent Vaccine ◽  
National Immunization

Abstract Background This study aimed to estimate the economic impact of replacing the current Peruvian primary immunization scheme for infants under 1 year old with an alternative scheme with similar efficacy, based on a hexavalent vaccine. Methods A cost-minimization analysis compared the costs associated with vaccine administration, adverse reactions medical treatment, logistical activities, and indirect social costs associated with time spent by parents in both schemes. A budgetary impact analysis assessed the financial impact of the alternative scheme on healthcare budget. Results Incorporating the hexavalent vaccine would result in a 15.5% net increase in healthcare budget expenditure ($48,281,706 vs $55,744,653). Vaccination costs would increase by 54.1%, whereas logistical and adverse reaction costs would be reduced by 59.8% and 33.1%, respectively. When including indirect social costs in the analysis, the budgetary impact was reduced to 8.7%. Furthermore, the alternative scheme would enable the liberation of 17.5% of national vaccines storage capacity. Conclusions Despite of the significant reduction of logistical and adverse reaction costs, including the hexavalent vaccine into the National Immunization Program of Peru in place of the current vaccination scheme for infants under 1 year of age would increase the public financial budget of the government as it would represent larger vaccine acquisition costs. Incorporating the indirect costs would reduce the budgetary impact demonstrating the social value of the alternative scheme. This merits consideration by government bodies, and future studies investigating such benefits would be informative.

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