Malaria distribution and performance of malaria diagnostic methods in Malaysia (1980–2019): a systematic review

Abstract Background Malaysia has already achieved remarkable accomplishments in reaching zero indigenous human malaria cases in 2018. Prompt malaria diagnosis, surveillance and treatment played a key role in the country’s elimination success. Looking at the dynamics of malaria distribution during the last decades might provide important information regarding the potential challenges of such an elimination strategy. This study was performed to gather all data available in term of prevalence or incidence on Plasmodium infections in Malaysia over the last four decades. Methods A systematic review of the published English literature was conducted to identify malaria distribution from 1980 to June 2019 in Malaysia. Two investigators independently extracted data from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Elsevier databases for original papers. Results The review identified 46 epidemiological studies in Malaysia over the 39-year study period, on which sufficient information was available. The majority of studies were conducted in Malaysia Borneo (31/46; 67.4%), followed by Peninsular Malaysia (13/46; 28.3%) and in both areas (2/46; 4.3%). More than half of all studies (28/46; 60.9%) were assessed by both microscopy and PCR. Furthermore, there was a clear trend of decreases of all human malaria species with increasing Plasmodium knowlesi incidence rate throughout the year of sampling period. The summary estimates of sensitivity were higher for P. knowlesi than other Plasmodium species for both microscopy and PCR. Nevertheless, the specificities of summary estimates were similar for microscopy (40–43%), but varied for PCR (2–34%). Conclusions This study outlined the epidemiological changes in Plasmodium species distribution in Malaysia. Malaria cases shifted from predominantly caused by human malaria parasites to simian malaria parasites, which accounted for the majority of indigenous cases particularly in Malaysia Borneo. Therefore, malaria case notification and prompt malaria diagnosis in regions where health services are limited in Malaysia should be strengthened and reinforced to achieving the final goal of malaria elimination in the country.

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Malaria distribution and performance of malaria diagnostic methods in Malaysia (1980-2019): a systematic review

10.21203/rs.3.rs-29459/v4 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mohd Amirul Fitri A. Rahim ◽

Mohd Bakhtiar Munajat ◽

Zulkarnain Md Id

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽

English Literature ◽

Malaria Diagnosis ◽

Peninsular Malaysia ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Sufficient Information ◽

Malaria Parasites ◽

Clear Trend ◽

Human Malaria

Abstract Background Malaysia has already achieved remarkable accomplishments in reaching zero indigenous human malaria cases in 2018. Prompt malaria diagnosis, surveillance and treatment played a key role in the country’s elimination success. Looking at the dynamics of malaria distribution during the last decades might provide important information regarding the potential challenges of such an elimination strategy. This study was performed to gather all data available in term of prevalence or incidence on Plasmodium infections in Malaysia over the last four decades. Methods A systematic review of the published English literature was conducted to identify malaria distribution from 1980 to June 2019 in Malaysia. Two investigators independently extracted data from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Elsevier databases for original papers.Results The review identified 46 epidemiological studies in Malaysia over the 39-year study period, on which sufficient information was available. The majority of studies were conducted in Malaysia Borneo (31/46; 67.4%), followed by Peninsular Malaysia (13/46; 28.3%) and in both areas (2/46; 4.3%). More than half of all studies (28/46; 60.9%) were assessed by both microscopy and PCR. Furthermore, there was a clear trend of decreases of all human malaria species with increasing Plasmodium knowlesi incidence rate throughout the year of sampling period. The summary estimates of sensitivity were higher for P. knowlesi than other Plasmodium species for both microscopy and PCR. Nevertheless, the specificities of summary estimates were similar for microscopy (40 – 43%), but varied for PCR (2 – 34%).Conclusions This study outlined the epidemiological changes in Plasmodium species distribution in Malaysia. Malaria cases shifted from predominantly caused by human malaria parasites to simian malaria parasites, which accounted for the majority of indigenous cases particularly in Malaysia Borneo. Therefore, malaria case notification and prompt malaria diagnosis in regions where health services are limited in Malaysia should be strengthened and reinforced to achieving the final goal of malaria elimination in the country.

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Malaria distribution and performance of malaria diagnostic methods in Malaysia (1980-2019): a systematic review

10.21203/rs.3.rs-29459/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mohd Amirul Fitri A. Rahim ◽

Mohd Bakhtiar Munajat ◽

Zulkarnain Md Id

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽

English Literature ◽

Malaria Diagnosis ◽

Peninsular Malaysia ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Sufficient Information ◽

Clear Trend ◽

Human Malaria ◽

Malaria Species

Abstract Background: Malaysia has already achieved remarkable accomplishments in reaching zero indigenous human malaria cases in 2018. Prompt malaria diagnosis, surveillance and treatment played a key role in the country’s elimination success. Looking at the dynamics of malaria distribution during the last decades might provide important information regarding the potential challenges of such an elimination strategy. This study was performed to gather all data available in term of prevalence or incidence on Plasmodium infections in Malaysia over the last four decades.Methods: A systematic review of the published English literature was conducted to identify malaria distribution from 1980 to June 2019 in Malaysia. Two investigators independently extracted data from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Elsevier databases for original papers.Results: The review identified 46 epidemiological studies in Malaysia over the 39-year study period, on which sufficient information was available. The majority of studies were conducted in Malaysia Borneo (31/46; 67.4%), followed by Peninsular Malaysia (13/46; 28.3%) and in both areas (2/46; 4.3%). More than half of all studies (28/46; 60.9%) were assessed by both microscopy and PCR. Furthermore, there was a clear trend of decreases of all human malaria species with increasing Plasmodium knowlesi incidence rate throughout the year of sampling period. The summary estimates of sensitivity were higher for P. knowlesi than other malaria species for both microscopy and PCR. Nevertheless, the specificities of summary estimates were similar for microscopy (40 – 43%) but varied for PCR (2 – 34%).Conclusions: This study outlined the epidemiological changes in Plasmodium species distribution in Malaysia. Malaria cases shifted from predominantly caused by human malaria to simian malaria, which accounted for the majority of indigenous cases particularly in Malaysia Borneo. Therefore, malaria case notification and prompt malaria diagnosis in regions where health services are limited in Malaysia should be strengthened and reinforced to achieving the final goal of malaria elimination in the country.

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Malaria Distribution and Performance of Malaria Diagnostic Methods in Malaysia (1980-2019): A Systematic Review

10.21203/rs.3.rs-29459/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mohd Amirul Fitri A. Rahim ◽

Bakhtiar Munajat ◽

Zulkarnain Md Id

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

English Literature ◽

Plasmodium Species ◽

Malaria Diagnosis ◽

Peninsular Malaysia ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Sufficient Information ◽

Clear Trend ◽

Human Malaria ◽

Malaria Species

Abstract Background Malaysia has already achieved remarkable accomplishments in reaching zero indigenous human malaria cases in 2018. Prompt malaria diagnosis, surveillance and treatment played a key role in the country’s elimination success. Looking at the dynamics of malaria distribution during the last decades might provide important information regarding the potential challenges of such an elimination strategy. This study was performed to gather all data available on Plasmodium infections in Malaysia over the last four decades. Methods A systematic review of the published English literature was conducted to identify malaria distribution from 1980 to June 2019 in Malaysia. Two investigators independently extracted data from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Elsevier databases for original papers. Results The review identified 46 epidemiological studies in Malaysia over the 39-year study period, on which sufficient information was available. Majority of studies were conducted in Malaysia Borneo (31/46; 67.4%), followed by Peninsular Malaysia (13/46; 28.3%) and in both areas (2/46; 4.3%). More than half of all studies (28/46; 60.9%) were assessed by both microscopy and PCR, with prevalent by microscopy correlated significantly with prevalent by PCR (R2: 0.7782; P<0.0001). Furthermore, there was a clear trend of decreasing of all human malaria species with increasing P. knowlesi cases throughout the year of sampling period. The summary estimates of sensitivity were higher for P. knowlesi than all human malaria species for both microscopy and PCR. Nevertheless, the specificities of summary estimates were similar for microscopy (40 – 43%) but varied for PCR (2 – 34%). Conclusions This study outlined the epidemiological changes in Plasmodium species distribution in Malaysia. Malaria cases shifted from predominantly caused by human malaria to simian malaria, which accounted for the majority of indigenous cases particularly in Malaysia Borneo. Therefore, malaria case notification and prompt malaria diagnosis in regions where health services are limited in Malaysia should be strengthened and reinforced to achieving the final goal of malaria elimination in the country.

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Malaria distribution and performance of malaria diagnostic methods in Malaysia (1980-2019): a systematic review

10.21203/rs.3.rs-29459/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mohd Amirul Fitri A. Rahim ◽

Bakhtiar Munajat ◽

Zulkarnain Md Id

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

English Literature ◽

Malaria Diagnosis ◽

Sampling Period ◽

Peninsular Malaysia ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Sufficient Information ◽

Clear Trend ◽

Human Malaria ◽

Malaria Species

Abstract Background: Malaysia has already achieved remarkable accomplishments in reaching zero indigenous human malaria cases in 2018. Prompt malaria diagnosis, surveillance and treatment played a key role in the country’s elimination success. Looking at the dynamics of malaria distribution during the last decades might provide important information regarding the potential challenges of such an elimination strategy. This study was performed to gather all data available in term of prevalence or incidence on Plasmodium infections in Malaysia over the last four decades. Methods: A systematic review of the published English literature was conducted to identify malaria distribution from 1980 to June 2019 in Malaysia. Two investigators independently extracted data from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Elsevier databases for original papers.Results: The review identified 46 epidemiological studies in Malaysia over the 39-year study period, on which sufficient information was available. The majority of studies were conducted in Malaysia Borneo (31/46; 67.4%), followed by Peninsular Malaysia (13/46; 28.3%) and in both areas (2/46; 4.3%). More than half of all studies (28/46; 60.9%) were assessed by both microscopy and PCR. Furthermore, there was a clear trend of decreases of all human malaria species with increasing P. knowlesi cases throughout the year of sampling period. The summary estimates of sensitivity were higher for P. knowlesi than other malaria species for both microscopy and PCR. Nevertheless, the specificities of summary estimates were similar for microscopy (40 – 43%) but varied for PCR (2 – 34%).Conclusions: This study outlined the epidemiological changes in Plasmodium species distribution in Malaysia. Malaria cases shifted from predominantly caused by human malaria to simian malaria, which accounted for the majority of indigenous cases particularly in Malaysia Borneo. Therefore, malaria case notification and prompt malaria diagnosis in regions where health services are limited in Malaysia should be strengthened and reinforced to achieving the final goal of malaria elimination in the country.

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Non-human primate and human malaria: past, present and future

Journal of Travel Medicine ◽

10.1093/jtm/taab036 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Spinello Antinori ◽

Cecilia Bonazzetti ◽

Andrea Giacomelli ◽

Mario Corbellino ◽

Massimo Galli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽

Plasmodium Species ◽

Molecular Techniques ◽

Malaria Parasites ◽

Human Malaria ◽

Complex Interactions ◽

Zoonotic Malaria ◽

The Impact ◽

Human Plasmodium ◽

Human Primate

Abstract Background Studies of the malaria parasites infecting various non-human primates (NHPs) have increased our understanding of the origin, biology and pathogenesis of human Plasmodium parasites. This review considers the major discoveries concerning NHP malaria parasites, highlights their relationships with human malaria and considers the impact that this may have on attempts to eradicate the disease. Results The first description of NHP malaria parasites dates back to the early 20th century. Subsequently, experimental and fortuitous findings indicating that some NHP malaria parasites can be transmitted to humans have raised concerns about the possible impact of a zoonotic malaria reservoir on efforts to control human malaria. Advances in molecular techniques over the last 15 years have contributed greatly to our knowledge of the existence and geographical distribution of numerous Plasmodium species infecting NHPs, and extended our understanding of their close phylogenetic relationships with human malaria parasites. The clinical application of such techniques has also made it possible to document ongoing spillovers of NHP malaria parasites (Plasmodium knowlesi, P. cynomolgi, P. simium, P. brasilianum) in humans living in or near the forests of Asia and South America, thus confirming that zoonotic malaria can undermine efforts to eradicate human malaria. Conclusions Increasing molecular research supports the prophetic intuition of the pioneers of modern malariology who saw zoonotic malaria as a potential obstacle to the full success of malaria eradication programmes. It is, therefore, important to continue surveillance and research based on one-health approaches in order to improve our understanding of the complex interactions between NHPs, mosquito vectors and humans during a period of ongoing changes in the climate and the use of land, monitor the evolution of zoonotic malaria, identify the populations most at risk and implement appropriate preventive strategies.

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Structure, Function and Inhibition of the Phosphoethanolamine Methyltransferases of the Human Malaria Parasites Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium knowlesi

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/srep09064 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Aprajita Garg ◽

Tiit Lukk ◽

Vidya Kumar ◽

Jae-Yeon Choi ◽

Yoann Augagneur ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Structure Function ◽

Plasmodium Vivax ◽

Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽

Malaria Parasites ◽

Human Malaria

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Prediction of human Plasmodium sex specific gene by homology search: a systematic review and meta-synthesis

10.1101/199141 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Mitsuhiro Odaka ◽

Amen Sassy ◽

Shymmaa Khatab ◽

Linh Tran ◽

Khaled Ismaeil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Candidate Genes ◽

Plasmodium Species ◽

Homology Search ◽

Specific Gene ◽

Published Data ◽

Malaria Parasites ◽

Human Malaria ◽

Search Terms ◽

Human Plasmodium

Human Plasmodium species have a sex specific process in the life cycle namely gametocytogenesis or gametogenesis. Gametocytes production and subsequent gametes zygosis are critical for malaria parasites to link to mosquito stage and to merge to sexual reproduction. Here, we aimed at the identification of genes related to gametocytogenesis or gametogenesis in human malaria using systematic review, meta-synthesis and homology search. Based on our search terms, we conducted a systematic search of published data in nine databases resulting in 96 finally included papers with a total of 255 genes from apicomplexan species. We found more papers involved in Plasmodium than we had expected, which reflects that the extensive amount of research on Plasmodium genes have been examined. Subsequently we searched sequence homology between FASTA sequences of apicomplexan sex specific genes other than human malaria parasites and those of human malaria parasites genome on PlasmoDB. We focused on eight candidate genes of Plasmodium falciparum (PF). Finally we predicted that PRPF6, SMC1 and SMC2 can be the especially promising candidate genes.

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Neutralization of the infectivity of sporozoites of Plasmodium knowlesi by antibodies to a synthetic peptide.

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.160.3.935 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 160 (3) ◽

pp. 935-940 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

J Gysin ◽

J Barnwell ◽

D H Schlesinger ◽

V Nussenzweig ◽

R S Nussenzweig

Keyword(s):

Synthetic Peptide ◽

Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽

Humoral Response ◽

Circumsporozoite Protein ◽

Immunoradiometric Assay ◽

Native Protein ◽

Malaria Parasites ◽

Human Malaria ◽

Anopheles Mosquitoes ◽

Cross Links

Antibodies against a synthetic peptide representing the repetitive epitope of the circumsporozoite protein (CS) of Plasmodium knowlesi have properties similar to those of antibodies against the native protein. Either antibody reacts with the synthetic peptide, cross-links the CS protein on the membrane of the parasite giving the CSP reaction, and neutralizes the infectivity of sporozoites. The synthetic peptide and sporozoite extracts were equally effective when used in an immunoradiometric assay as antigens to detect antibodies to CS proteins. It is likely that the corresponding synthetic repeats from the human malaria parasites could be used to measure levels of anti-sporozoite antibodies in endemic areas, or to evaluate the humoral response to anti-sporozoite vaccines. The authors are grateful to Dr. Robert Gwadz, NIH, for supplying Anopheles mosquitoes and P. knowlesi sporozoites used in this study.

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Accuracy of malaria diagnostic tests performed on non-invasively collected samples: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BMJ Global Health ◽

10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005634 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. e005634

Author(s):

Celestin Danwang ◽

Jean Jacques Noubiap ◽

Jacob Souopgui ◽

Jean Gaudart ◽

Jean Cyr Yombi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Diagnostic Tests ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Diagnostic Testing ◽

Malaria Diagnosis ◽

Substantial Improvement ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Data Sets ◽

Overall Performance ◽

Sensitivity Specificity

BackgroundDuring the last decade, many studies have assessed the performance of malaria tests on non-invasively collected specimens, but no systematic review has hitherto estimated the overall performance of these tests. We report here the first meta-analysis estimating the diagnostic performance of malaria diagnostic tests performed on saliva, urine, faeces, skin odour (‘sniff and tell’) and hair, using either microscopy or PCR on blood sample as reference test.MethodsWe searched on PubMed, EMBASE, African Journals Online and Cochrane Infectious Diseases from inception until 19 January 2021 for relevant primary studies. A random effects model was used to estimate the overall performance of various diagnostic methods on different types of specimen.ResultsEighteen studies providing 30 data sets were included in the meta-analysis. The overall sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic OR (DOR) of PCR were 84.5% (95% CI 79.3% to 88.6%), 97.3% (95% CI 95.3% to 98.5%) and 184.9 (95% CI 95.8 to 356.9) in saliva, respectively; 57.4% (95% CI 41.4% to 72.1%), 98.6% (95% CI 97.3% to 99.3%) and 47.2 (95% CI 22.1 to 101.1) in urine, respectively. The overall sensitivity, specificity and DOR of rapid diagnostic test for malaria in urine was 59.8% (95% CI 40.0% to 76.9%), 96.9% (95% CI 91.0% to 99.0%) and 30.8 (95% CI:23.5 to 40.4).ConclusionIn settings where PCR is available, saliva and urine samples should be considered for PCR-based malaria diagnosis only if blood samples cannot be collected. The performance of rapid diagnostic testing in the urine is limited, especially its sensitivity. Malaria testing on non-invasively collected specimen still needs substantial improvement.

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