scholarly journals Cattle gastrointestinal nematode egg-spiked faecal samples: high recovery rates using the Mini-FLOTAC technique

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Amadesi ◽  
Antonio Bosco ◽  
Laura Rinaldi ◽  
Giuseppe Cringoli ◽  
Edwin Claerebout ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
High Recovery ◽  
Recovery Rates ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Flotac Technique

scholarly journals Cattle gastrointestinal nematode egg-spiked faecal samples: high recovery rates using the Mini-FLOTAC technique

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Amadesi ◽  
Antonio Bosco ◽  
Laura Rinaldi ◽  
Giuseppe Cringoli ◽  
Edwin Claerebout ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Reading Levels ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Flotac Technique ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

Abstract Background: Faecal egg count (FEC) techniques are commonly used to detect gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) in cattle and to determine anthelmintic efficacy/resistance through the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). Mini-FLOTAC is one of the techniques recommended for a standardised FEC/FECRT of helminth eggs in cattle. However, only one paper evaluated the recovery rate of GIN eggs by Mini-FLOTAC (compared to McMaster and modified-Wisconsin) in cattle, using only the level of contamination of 200 eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces and using GIN eggs collected from goat faeces to spike faecal samples from cattle. To further study the recovery rate of added GIN eggs from cattle, this study was conducted in two laboratories, one in Belgium and one in Italy to evaluate sensitivity, accuracy, precision and reproducibility of Mini-FLOTAC and McMaster (at two reading levels: grids and chambers) for the detection of GIN eggs in spiked bovine faecal samples. Methods: In both countries, spiked cattle faecal samples with five different levels of egg contamination (10, 50, 100, 200 and 500 EPG) of GINs were used. The study was performed in both laboratories by the same expert operator and using the same standard operating procedures (SOPs) for Mini-FLOTAC and McMaster. Sensitivity, accuracy and precision were calculated for each technique and for each level of contamination. Moreover, statistical analyses were performed to evaluate differences between performances of techniques used. Results: Mini-FLOTAC had a higher sensitivity (100% at all EPG levels for Mini-FLOTAC vs 0-66.6% for McMaster chambers and grids at levels <100 EPG), a higher accuracy (98.1% mean value for Mini-FLOTAC vs 83.2% for McMaster grids and 63.8% for McMaster chambers) and a lower coefficient of variation (10.0% for Mini-FLOTAC vs 47.5% for McMaster grids and 69.4% for McMaster chambers) than McMaster. There was no significant difference between the recovery of GIN eggs from the two studies performed in Belgium and in Italy. Conclusions: The high GIN eggs recovery rate detected by Mini-FLOTAC and the similar results obtained in Belgium and in Italy indicated that the diagnostic performance of a FEC technique was not regard to the laboratory environment.

scholarly journals Cattle gastrointestinal nematode egg-spiked faecal samples: high recovery rates using the Mini-FLOTAC technique

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Amadesi ◽  
Antonio Bosco ◽  
Laura Rinaldi ◽  
Giuseppe Cringoli ◽  
Edwin Claerebout ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Reading Levels ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Flotac Technique ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

Abstract Background: Faecal egg count (FEC) techniques are commonly used to detect gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) in cattle and to determine anthelmintic efficacy/resistance through the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). Mini-FLOTAC is one of the techniques recommended for a standardised FEC/FECRT of helminth eggs in cattle. However, only one paper evaluated the recovery rate of GIN eggs by Mini-FLOTAC (compared to McMaster and modified-Wisconsin) in cattle, using only the level of contamination of 200 eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces and using GIN eggs collected from goat faeces to spike faecal samples from cattle. To further study the recovery rate of added GIN eggs from cattle, this study was conducted in two laboratories in Belgium and Italy to evaluate sensitivity, accuracy, precision and reproducibility of Mini-FLOTAC and McMaster (at two reading levels: grids and chambers) for the detection of GIN eggs in spiked bovine faecal samples. Methods: In both countries, spiked cattle faecal samples with five different levels of egg contamination (10, 50, 100, 200 and 500 EPG) of GINs were used. The study was performed in both laboratories by the same expert operator and using the same standard operating procedures (SOPs) for Mini-FLOTAC and McMaster. Sensitivity, accuracy and precision were calculated for each technique and for each level of contamination. Moreover, statistical analyses were performed to evaluate differences between performances of techniques used. Results: Mini-FLOTAC had a higher sensitivity (100% at all EPG levels for Mini-FLOTAC vs 0-66.6% for McMaster chambers and grids at levels <100 EPG), a higher accuracy (98.1% mean value for Mini-FLOTAC vs 83.2% for McMaster grids and 63.8% for McMaster chambers) and a lower coefficient of variation (10.0% for Mini-FLOTAC vs 47.5% for McMaster grids and 69.4% for McMaster chambers) than McMaster. There was no significant difference between the recovery of GIN eggs from the two studies performed in Belgium and in Italy. Conclusions: The high GIN eggs recovery rate detected by Mini-FLOTAC and the similar results obtained in Belgium and in Italy indicated that the diagnostic performance of a FEC technique was not regard to the laboratory environment.

scholarly journals Cattle gastrointestinal nematode egg-spiked faecal samples: high recovery rates using the Mini-FLOTAC technique

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Amadesi ◽  
Antonio Bosco ◽  
Laura Rinaldi ◽  
Giuseppe Cringoli ◽  
Edwin Claerebout ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Reading Levels ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Flotac Technique ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

Abstract Background : Faecal egg count (FEC) techniques are commonly used to detect gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) in cattle and to determine anthelmintic efficacy/resistance through the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). Mini-FLOTAC is one of the techniques recommended for a standardised FEC/FECRT of helminth eggs in cattle. However, only one paper evaluated the recovery rate of GIN eggs by Mini-FLOTAC (compared to McMaster and modified-Wisconsin) in cattle, using only the level of contamination of 200 eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces and using GIN eggs collected from goat faeces to spike faecal samples from cattle. To further study the recovery rate of added GIN eggs from cattle, this study was conducted in two laboratories, one in Belgium and one in Italy to evaluate sensitivity, accuracy, precision and reproducibility of Mini-FLOTAC and McMaster (at two reading levels: grids and chambers) for the detection of GIN eggs in spiked bovine faecal samples. Methods: In both countries, spiked cattle faecal samples with five different levels of egg contamination (10, 50, 100, 200 and 500 EPG) of GINs were used. The study was performed in both laboratories by the same expert operator and using the same standard operating procedures (SOPs) for Mini-FLOTAC and McMaster. Sensitivity, accuracy and precision were calculated for each technique and for each level of contamination. Moreover, statistical analyses were performed to evaluate differences between performances of techniques used. Results : Mini-FLOTAC had a higher sensitivity (100% at all EPG levels for Mini-FLOTAC vs 0-66.6% for McMaster chambers and grids at levels <100 EPG), a higher accuracy (98.1% mean value for Mini-FLOTAC vs 83.2% for McMaster grids and 63.8% for McMaster chambers) and a lower coefficient of variation (10.0% for Mini-FLOTAC vs 47.5% for McMaster grids and 69.4% for McMaster chambers) than McMaster. There was no significant difference between the recovery of GIN eggs from the two studies performed in Belgium and in Italy. Conclusions : The high GIN eggs recovery rate detected by Mini-FLOTAC and the similar results obtained in Belgium and in Italy indicated that the diagnostic performance of a FEC technique was not regard to the laboratory environment.

scholarly journals Reduction rate of nematode egg counts and third-stage larvae development from sheep and goat faeces preserved at 4οC

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. DRIMTZIA ◽  
E. PAPADOPOULOS
Keyword(s):  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Faecal Egg Counts ◽  
Larvae Development

Gastrointestinal nematode parasites cause major production losses to small ruminants. The most common way to diagnose or monitor the worm burdens in sheep and goats remains the quantitative parasitological examinations, i.e. the faecal egg counts. However, the reliability of the results of such methods depends greatly on the conditions and duration of the storage of the faecal samples prior to examination. The aim of this research was to evaluate the reduction rate and the maximum storage period, without significant losses, of nematode egg counts and third-stage larvae development from sheep and goat faeces preserved at 4οC. Towards this end, a pooled faecal sample was formed by collecting faeces from naturally infected sheep and goats (separately). Faecal egg counts and coprocultures were performed on fresh faeces and on preserved ones every week and up to 119 days post sampling. It was concluded that the preservation at 4oC, i.e. into a refrigerator, of fresh faeces from sheep and goats for parasitological examinations poses danger of misdiagnosis, if not performed in a period not exceeding 3 weeks of time. The rate of reduction of the faecal nematode egg counts starts to be significant lower than the ones performed with fresh samples, for both sheep and goats, after the third week of storage. The percentage of the gastrointestinal nematode larvae developing to the infective third–stage alters significantly for the Haemonchus genus, soon after the first week of storage (p<0.05).

Gastrointestinal nematodes in rotationally grazing ewes in the mountainous region of central Mexico

2012 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.M.C. Acevedo-Ramírez ◽  
H. Quiroz-Romero ◽  
I. Cruz-Mendoza ◽  
R. Ulloa-Arvizu ◽  
F. Ibarra-Velarde
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Central Mexico ◽  
Mountainous Region ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Shedding Frequency ◽  
Grazing Lands

AbstractThe aims of this study were to determine the frequency of egg shedding (percentage of egg-positive faecal samples) and faecal egg counts (FEC) over 13 months in two different breeds of ewes, both pregnant and non-pregnant, in a mountainous region of central Mexico. Additionally, the effect of ivermectin and albendazole treatments on FEC reduction was recorded. The study also aimed to relate temperature and rainfall to FEC. The gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) third-stage larvae genera recovered from both faeces and grassland pastures in a temperate region were also assessed. Faecal samples were collected from ewes at monthly intervals for 13 months to investigate the FEC population of GIN larvae, their concentration and genera in grass samples collected from grazed and rested pastures. Egg-shedding frequency ranged from 0 to 92% and FEC from 0 to 12,000 eggs per g faeces (epg), with counts in Suffolk higher than in Dorset ewes. The identified genera were Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Teladorsagia, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum, Bunostomum, Nematodirus and Strongyloides. Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus were the most common genera. The number of L3 was higher in grazing lands than in those at rest. The highest FEC were recorded in the dry season due to peripartum, but the highest L3 counts were recorded in the rainy season. The coexistence of species of different geographical distributions at this site may be because there is a confluence of Nearctic and Neotropical geographic regions; thus, despite the temperate climate, tropical species can be found. Additionally, this study suggests that increasing temperatures could favour the presence of different tropical GIN species together with typical temperate-zone GIN species.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Swine Diseases in Ijebu Division of Ogun State

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-129
Author(s):  
A. O. Talabi ◽  
M. A. Oyekunle ◽  
J. O. Abiola ◽  
G. E. O. Makinde ◽  
S. O. Akinleye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wound Infection ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Sarcoptes Scabiei ◽  
Foot Rot ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Nematode Eggs ◽  
Swine Diseases

This study was carried out by visiting 20 towns/ villages in Ijebu-division of Ogun State, where a total of 5,043 pigs were observed for various disease conditions. Blood and faecal samples and skin scrapings were collected from 137 sick animals, of which 3.65% were positive for the presence of Trypanosoma brucei. The following gastrointestinal nematode eggs were found in the faecal samples evaluated: Ascaris sp. (45.26%), Strongyles (10.22%), Strongyloides sp. (5.11%) and Trichuris sp. (2.92%). Sarcoptes scabiei which was the only ectoparasite of pigs encountered in this study accounted for 12.41% of the 137 skin scrapings collected. A total of 606 out of 5,043 animals were found to be clinically sick. Identified disease conditions include wound infection (33.50%), diarrhea (22.11%), piglet anaemia (15.84%), mange (10.89%), tail sore (6.44%), foot rot (4.95%), mastitis (2.97%), metritis (1.82%) and pneumonia (1.49%).  

scholarly journals Hydroxychloroquine in Patients with COVID-19 (Chen et al., 2020): Absence of Evidence, Not Evidence of Absence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quentin Frederik Gronau ◽  
Eric-Jan Wagenmakers
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Recovery ◽  
Recent Trial ◽  
Recovery Rates ◽  
Absence Of Evidence ◽  
Evidence Of Absence

A recent trial assessed the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in the treatment of patients with common coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). 1 The results showed that “On day 7, COVID-19 nucleic acid of throat swabs was negative in 13 (86.7%) cases [of out 15] in the HCQ group and 14 (93.3%) cases [out of 15] in the control group (P&gt;0.05). Here we present a Bayesian reanalysis of the data, showing that the data under consideration neither undercut nor support the HCQ hypothesis in a compelling fashion. One of the reasons for this lack of diagnosticity is that both the HCQ group and the control group showed high recovery rates. In line with the authors’ conclusion, more data are needed to draw definite conclusions.

scholarly journals Morbidity Parameters Associated with Gastrointestinal Tract Nematodes in Sheep in Dabat District, Northwest Ethiopia

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zewdu Seyoum ◽  
Kalkidan Getnet ◽  
Mersha Chanie ◽  
Samuel Derso ◽  
Shumye Fentahun
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Infected Sheep ◽  
Smallholder Farms ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
The Mean ◽  
On Farm

Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections of sheep and their interaction with selected morbidity parameters were studied in smallholder farms. 120 faecal samples were collected and examined using faecal flotation to determine nematode infection in sheep. Thus, the study demonstrated overall prevalence of 57.5% GIN infections, while the mean faecal egg count (FEC) was 517.5 EPG. The severity of GIN infection was determined based on EPG as a mild infection (EPG <500), 55.1%, moderate infection (EPG = 500–1500), 30.4%, and heavy infection (EPG >1500), 14.6%. Five genera of nematodes were identified using coproculture: Haemonchus (33.3%), Trichostrongylus (26.7%), Bunostomum (20%), Oesophagostomum (13.3%), and Cooperia (6.7%). A significant difference was observed in the mean FEC among the FC (P<0.001), FAMACHA© score (P<0.01), and the BCS of the animals (P<0.001). FEC was positively correlated with the FAMACHA© score (FS), while FC and BCS were negatively correlated. Thus, FAMACHA© chart can suggest well the severity of nematode infections and can serve as a suitable on-farm tool to identify nematode-infected sheep and gives a guide to identify sheep that need to be treated with an anthelmintic.

scholarly journals Gastrointestinal nematodes of goats: host–parasite relationship differences in breeds at summer mountain pasture in northern Italy

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-526
Author(s):  
Sergio Aurelio Zanzani ◽  
Alessia Libera Gazzonis ◽  
Emanuela Olivieri ◽  
Luca Villa ◽  
Cristina Fraquelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Genetic Features ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Double Technique ◽  
Mountain Pasture ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Mixed Flock

AbstractIntroductionThe Orobic goat is a hardy breed native to the Orobic Alps (Lombardy, northern Italy). The aim of the study was the assessment of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) egg excretion in Alpine and Saanen (cosmopolite breeds) and Orobic grazing goats, after a strategic treatment with eprinomectin in late June.Material and MethodsIndividual faecal samples from a mixed flock of cosmopolite and Orobic goats were collected and analysed by the FLOTAC double technique every three weeks from June to September.ResultsStrongylida was the primary GIN infection observed in goats that grazed on Alpine pastures; a strategic treatment with eprinomectin led to a prolonged reduction of egg excretion during the whole study period. Egg excretion was also influenced by breed. Pluriparous Orobic does were able to control reinfection better than the pluriparous cosmopolite does. Regarding Nematodirus sp. eggs per gram of faeces (EPG), the autochthonous Orobic breed presented higher values than the cosmopolite breeds. However, cosmopolite goats presented higher EPG values of Strongyloides papillosus than their Orobic counterparts in August.ConclusionsFurther studies on genetic features of local autochthonous goats, such as the Orobic breed, are needed, since they could reveal peculiar characteristics of susceptibility, resistance or resilience to GIN infection, providing genetic resources for selection.

scholarly journals Remanufacturing Option Selection with Disassembly for Recovery Rate and Profit

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 930-942
Author(s):  
Kazuki Yoda ◽  
Hayate Irie ◽  
Yuki Kinoshita ◽  
Tetsuo Yamada ◽  
Shuho Yamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Closed Loop ◽  
Selection Method ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
High Recovery ◽  
Recovery Rates ◽  
Bill Of Materials ◽  
Closed Loop Supply Chains ◽  
Option Selection ◽  
Constraint Method

In order to cope with the issue of depletion of natural resources, expectations for economical designs of the closed-loop supply chains of products that include remanufacturing in their lifecycle have recently significantly grown. However, since disassembly of a product to remanufacture it is costly due to high labor costs, the lifecycle option of remanufacturing an end of life product by disassembly and reassembly needs to be established environmentally as well as economically. In this study, we propose a remanufacturing option selection method that takes recovery rates and profits into account. First, a bill of materials of a product is prepared to create data for remanufacturing. Next, its remanufacturing option selection is formulated by using the 0-1 integer programming. Lastly, the proposed remanufacturing option selection method is verified by analyzing the sensitivities of the recovery rates and selling prices of the remanufactured products using the ϵ constraint method. The proposed method that takes remanufacturing into account has demonstrated a generating larger profits than a conventional method maintaining high recovery rates at the same levels in a case study.

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