Neddylation regulation of mitochondrial structure and functions

AbstractMitochondria are the powerhouse of a cell. The structure and function of mitochondria are precisely regulated by multiple signaling pathways. Neddylation, a post-translational modification, plays a crucial role in various cellular processes including cellular metabolism via modulating the activity, function and subcellular localization of its substrates. Recently, accumulated data demonstrated that neddylation is involved in regulation of morphology, trafficking and function of mitochondria. Mechanistic elucidation of how mitochondria is modulated by neddylation would further our understanding of mitochondrial regulation to a new level. In this review, we first briefly introduce mitochondria, then neddylation cascade, and known protein substrates subjected to neddylation modification. Next, we summarize current available data of how neddylation enzymes, its substrates (including cullins/Cullin-RING E3 ligases and non-cullins) and its inhibitor MLN4924 regulate the structure and function of mitochondria. Finally, we propose the future perspectives on this emerging and exciting field of mitochondrial research.

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The function and regulation of OTU deubiquitinases

Frontiers of Medicine ◽

10.1007/s11684-019-0734-4 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (5) ◽

pp. 542-563 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jiansen Du ◽

Lin Fu ◽

Yingli Sui ◽

Lingqiang Zhang

Keyword(s):

Immune Escape ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Post Translational Modification ◽

Polyubiquitin Chains ◽

Cellular Processes ◽

Regulatory Processes ◽

Viral Survival ◽

Mediate Cell ◽

And Function ◽

The Relationship

AbstractPost-translational modification of cellular proteins by ubiquitin regulates numerous cellular processes, including cell division, immune responses, and apoptosis. Ubiquitin-mediated control over these processes can be reversed by deubiquitinases (DUBs), which remove ubiquitin from target proteins and depolymerize polyubiquitin chains. Recently, much progress has been made in the DUBs. In humans, the ovarian tumor protease (OTU) subfamily of DUBs includes 16 members, most of which mediate cell signaling cascades. These OTUs show great variation in structure and function, which display a series of mechanistic features. In this review, we provide a comprehensive analysis of current progress in character, structure and function of OTUs, such as the substrate specificity and catalytic activity regulation. Then we discuss the relationship between some diseases and OTUs. Finally, we summarize the structure of viral OTUs and their function in immune escape and viral survival. Despite the challenges, OTUs might provide new therapeutic targets, due to their involvement in key regulatory processes.

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Mechanosignaling pathways alter muscle structure and function by post-translational modification of existing sarcomeric proteins to optimize energy usage

Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility ◽

10.1007/s10974-021-09596-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Brenda Russell ◽

Christopher Solís

Keyword(s):

Structure And Function ◽

Sarcomeric Proteins ◽

Post Translational Modification ◽

Energy Usage ◽

Muscle Structure ◽

And Function

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Chromatin regulates expression of small RNAs to help maintain transposon methylome homeostasis in Arabidopsis

Genome Biology ◽

10.1186/s13059-020-02163-4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ranjith K. Papareddy ◽

Katalin Páldi ◽

Subramanian Paulraj ◽

Ping Kao ◽

Stefan Lutzmayer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth And Development ◽

Germ Line ◽

Small Interfering Rnas ◽

Chromatin States ◽

Heterochromatin Formation ◽

Cellular Processes ◽

A Cell ◽

Decondensed Chromatin ◽

And Function ◽

New Generation

Abstract Background Eukaryotic genomes are partitioned into euchromatic and heterochromatic domains to regulate gene expression and other fundamental cellular processes. However, chromatin is dynamic during growth and development and must be properly re-established after its decondensation. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) promote heterochromatin formation, but little is known about how chromatin regulates siRNA expression. Results We demonstrate that thousands of transposable elements (TEs) produce exceptionally high levels of siRNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana embryos. TEs generate siRNAs throughout embryogenesis according to two distinct patterns depending on whether they are located in euchromatic or heterochromatic regions of the genome. siRNA precursors are transcribed in embryos, and siRNAs are required to direct the re-establishment of DNA methylation on TEs from which they are derived in the new generation. Decondensed chromatin also permits the production of 24-nt siRNAs from heterochromatic TEs during post-embryogenesis, and siRNA production from bipartite-classified TEs is controlled by their chromatin states. Conclusions Decondensation of heterochromatin in response to developmental, and perhaps environmental, cues promotes the transcription and function of siRNAs in plants. Our results indicate that chromatin-mediated siRNA transcription provides a cell-autonomous homeostatic control mechanism to help reconstitute pre-existing chromatin states during growth and development including those that ensure silencing of TEs in the future germ line.

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The structure and function of centriolar rootlets

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.258544 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 134 (16) ◽

Author(s):

Robert Mahen

Keyword(s):

Cellular Function ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Cellular Systems ◽

Macromolecular Assemblies ◽

Cellular Processes ◽

Holistic Understanding ◽

Eukaryotic Organisms ◽

And Function ◽

Knockout Animals

ABSTRACT To gain a holistic understanding of cellular function, we must understand not just the role of individual organelles, but also how multiple macromolecular assemblies function collectively. Centrioles produce fundamental cellular processes through their ability to organise cytoskeletal fibres. In addition to nucleating microtubules, centrioles form lesser-known polymers, termed rootlets. Rootlets were identified over a 100 years ago and have been documented morphologically since by electron microscopy in different eukaryotic organisms. Rootlet-knockout animals have been created in various systems, providing insight into their physiological functions. However, the precise structure and function of rootlets is still enigmatic. Here, I consider common themes of rootlet function and assembly across diverse cellular systems. I suggest that the capability of rootlets to form physical links from centrioles to other cellular structures is a general principle unifying their functions in diverse cells and serves as an example of how cellular function arises from collective organellar activity.

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The axonemal microtubules of the Chlamydomonas flagellum differ in tubulin isoform content

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.111.3.313 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 111 (3) ◽

pp. 313-320 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

K.A. Johnson

Keyword(s):

Structure And Function ◽

Post Translational Modification ◽

Immunofluorescence Analysis ◽

Central Pair ◽

Alpha Tubulin ◽

Microtubule Polymerization ◽

Tubulin Isoforms ◽

Flagellar Assembly ◽

Tyrosinated Tubulin ◽

And Function

Little is known of the molecular basis for the diversity of microtubule structure and function found within the eukaryotic flagellum. Antibodies that discriminate between tyrosinated alpha tubulin and post-translationally detyrosinated alpha tubulin were used to localize these complementary tubulin isoforms in flagella of the single-celled green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Immunofluorescence analysis of intact axonemes detected both isoforms along most of the lengths of flagella; however, each had a short distal zone rich in tyrosinated tubulin. Localizations on splayed axonemes revealed that the microtubules of the central-pair apparatus were rich in tyrosinated tubulin, while outer doublets contained a mixture of both isoforms. Immunoelectron analysis of individual outer doublets revealed that while tyrosinated tubulin was present in both A and B tubules, detyrosinated tubulin was largely confined to the wall of the B hemi-tubules. The absence of detyrosinated tubulin from the A tubules of the outer doublets and the microtubules of the central pair, both of which extend past the B hemi-tubules of the outer doublets in the flagellar tip, explained the appearance of a tyrosinated tubulin-rich distal zone on intact axonemes. Localizations performed on cells regenerating flagella revealed that flagellar assembly used tyrosinated tubulin; detyrosination of the B tubule occurred during later stages of regeneration, well after microtubule polymerization. The developmental timing of detyrosination, which occurs over a period during which the regrowing flagella begin to beat more effectively, suggests that post-translational modification of the B tubule surface may enhance dynein/B tubule interactions that power flagellar beating.

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3. Proteins

Biochemistry: A Very Short Introduction ◽

10.1093/actrade/9780198833871.003.0003 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 34-51

Author(s):

Mark Lorch

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Protein Folding ◽

Protein Structure ◽

Protein Structures ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Vast Array ◽

A Cell ◽

Cellular Machinery ◽

And Function ◽

The Relationship

This chapter examines proteins, the dominant proportion of cellular machinery, and the relationship between protein structure and function. The multitude of biological processes needed to keep cells functioning are managed in the organism or cell by a massive cohort of proteins, together known as the proteome. The twenty amino acids that make up the bulk of proteins produce the vast array of protein structures. However, amino acids alone do not provide quite enough chemical variety to complete all of the biochemical activity of a cell, so the chapter also explores post-translation modifications. It finishes by looking as some dynamic aspects of proteins, including enzyme kinetics and the protein folding problem.

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Structure and Function of the ASB-Containing E3 Ligases

Biophysical Journal ◽

10.1016/j.bpj.2015.11.305 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 110 (3) ◽

pp. 44a

Author(s):

Ryan Lumpkin

Keyword(s):

Structure And Function ◽

E3 Ligases ◽

And Function

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RNA interactomics: recent advances and remaining challenges

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.16146.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 1824 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Brigitte Schönberger ◽

Christoph Schaal ◽

Richard Schäfer ◽

Björn Voß

Keyword(s):

High Throughput ◽

Rna Structure ◽

Living Cells ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Cellular Processes ◽

Recent Advances ◽

Regulatory Systems ◽

Rna Duplexes ◽

And Function

Tight regulation of cellular processes is key to the development of complex organisms but also vital for simpler ones. During evolution, different regulatory systems have emerged, among them RNA-based regulation that is carried out mainly by intramolecular and intermolecular RNA–RNA interactions. However, methods for the transcriptome-wide detection of these interactions were long unavailable. Recently, three publications described high-throughput methods to directly detect RNA duplexes in living cells. This promises to enable in-depth studies of RNA-based regulation and will narrow the gaps in our understanding of RNA structure and function. In this review, we highlight the benefits of these methods and their commonalities and differences and, in particular, point to methodological shortcomings that hamper their wider application. We conclude by presenting ideas for how to overcome these problems and commenting on the prospects we see in this area of research.

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