scholarly journals The role of net ecosystem productivity and of inventories in climate change research: the need for “net ecosystem productivity with harvest”, NEPH

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. Schulze ◽  
R. Valentini ◽  
O. Bouriaud
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Net Ecosystem Productivity ◽  
Ecosystem Productivity ◽  
Climate Change Research ◽  
Main Requirement ◽  
Flux Measurements ◽  
Land Surfaces ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon Sink ◽  
Global Carbon

Abstract Background There is an urgent need for quantifying the terrestrial carbon sink in the context of global carbon emissions. However, neither the flux measurements, nor the national wood balances fulfil this purpose. In this discussion article we point at various shortcomings and necessary improvements of these approaches in order to achieve a true quantification of the carbon exchange of land surfaces. Results We discuss the necessity of incorporating all lateral fluxes, but mainly the export of biomass by harvest, into the flux balance and to recognize feedbacks between management and fluxes to make flux measurements compatible with inventories. At the same time, we discuss the necessity that national reports of wood use need to fully recognize the use of wood for energy use. Both approaches of establishing an ecosystem carbon balance, fluxes and inventories, have shortcomings. Conclusions Including harvest and feedbacks by management appears to be the main requirement for the flux approach. A better quantification of wood use for bioenergy seems a real need for integrating the national wood balances into the global carbon cycle.

scholarly journals Comment on "Carbon farming in hot, dry coastal areas: an option for climate change mitigation" by Becker et al. (2013)

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 869-873
Author(s):  
M. Heimann
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Global Carbon Cycle ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Reference Scenario ◽  
Carbon Cycle Model ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon Sink ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Global Carbon

Abstract. Becker et al. (2013) argue that an afforestation of 0.73 109 ha with Jatropha curcas plants would generate an additional terrestrial carbon sink of 4.3 PgC yr−1, enough to stabilise the atmospheric mixing ratio of carbon dioxide (CO2) at current levels. However, this is not consistent with the dynamics of the global carbon cycle. Using a well established global carbon cycle model, the effect of adding such a hypothetical sink leads to a reduction of atmospheric CO2 levels in the year 2030 by 25 ppm compared to a reference scenario. However, the stabilisation of the atmospheric CO2 concentration requires a much larger additional sink or corresponding reduction of anthropogenic emissions.

The relative importance of environmental factors on the interannual variability of carbon fluxes in the boreal forest

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariam El-Amine ◽  
Alexandre Roy ◽  
Pierre Legendre ◽  
Oliver Sonnentag
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Carbon Uptake ◽  
Net Ecosystem Productivity ◽  
Ecosystem Productivity ◽  
Environmental Controls

<p>As climate change will cause a more pronounced rise of air temperature in northern high latitudes than in other parts of the world, it is expected that the strength of the boreal forest carbon sink will be altered. To better understand and quantify these changes, we studied the influence of different environmental controls (e.g., air and soil temperatures, soil water content, photosynthetically active radiation, normalized difference vegetation index) on the timing of the start and end of the boreal forest growing season and the net carbon uptake period in Canada. The influence of these factors on the growing season carbon exchanges between the atmosphere and the boreal forest were also evaluated. There is a need to improve the understanding of the role of the length of the growing season and the net carbon uptake period on the strength of the boreal forest carbon sink, as an extension of these periods might not necessarily result in a stronger carbon sink if other environmental factors are not optimal for carbon sequestration or enhance respiration.</p><p>Here, we used 31 site-years of observation over three Canadian boreal forest stands: Eastern, Northern and Southern Old Black Spruce in Québec, Manitoba and Saskatchewan, respectively. Redundancy analyses were used to highlight the environmental controls that correlate the most with the annual net ecosystem productivity and the start and end of the growing season and the net carbon uptake period. Preliminary results show that the timing at which the air temperature becomes positive correlates the most strongly with the start of the net carbon uptake period (r = 0.70, p < 0.001) and the start of the growing season (r = 0.55, p < 0.01). Although the increase of the normalized difference vegetation index also correlates with the start of these periods, a thorough examination of this result shows that the latter happens well before the former. No dependency between any environmental control and the end of the net carbon uptake period was identified. Also, the annual net ecosystem productivity is highly correlated with the length of the net carbon uptake period (r = 0.54, p < 0.01). Other environmental controls such as annual precipitations, the mean annual soil temperature or the maximum yearly normalized difference vegetation index have a smaller impact on the annual net ecosystem productivity. By extending the dataset to include forest stands that represent a wider climate and permafrost variability, we will examine the generalizability of these results.</p>

scholarly journals Comparison of floating chamber and eddy covariance measurements of lake greenhouse gas fluxes

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 18309-18335 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Podgrajsek ◽  
E. Sahlée ◽  
D. Bastviken ◽  
J. Holst ◽  
A. Lindroth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Flux Footprint ◽  
Gas Fluxes ◽  
Partial Pressure Of Co2 ◽  
Flux Measurements ◽  
Eddy Covariance Measurements ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon Sink ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. Fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) from lakes may have a large impact on the magnitude of the terrestrial carbon sink. Traditionally lake fluxes have been measured using the floating chambers (FC) technique, however, several recent studies use the eddy covariance (EC) method. We present simultaneous flux measurements using both methods at the lake Tämnaren in Sweden during field campaigns in 2011 and 2012. Only very few similar studies exist. For CO2 flux, the two methods agree relatively well during some periods, but deviate substantially at other times. The large discrepancies might be caused by heterogeneity of partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2w) in the EC flux footprint. The methods agree better for CH4 fluxes, it is, however, clear that short-term discontinuous FC measurements are likely to miss important high flux events.

scholarly journals Comment on "Carbon farming in hot, dry coastal areas: an option for climate change mitigation" by Becker et al. (2013)

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Heimann
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Global Carbon Cycle ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Reference Scenario ◽  
Carbon Cycle Model ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon Sink ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Global Carbon

Abstract. Becker et al. (2013) argue that an afforestation of 0.73 × 109 ha with Jatropha curcas plants would generate an additional terrestrial carbon sink of 4.3 PgC yr−1, enough to stabilise the atmospheric mixing ratio of carbon dioxide (CO2) at current levels. However, this is not consistent with the dynamics of the global carbon cycle. Using a well-established global carbon cycle model, the effect of adding such a hypothetical sink leads to a reduction of atmospheric CO2 levels in the year 2030 by 25 ppm compared to a reference scenario. However, the stabilisation of the atmospheric CO2 concentration requires a much larger additional sink or corresponding reduction of anthropogenic emissions.

High primary productivity under submerged soil raises the net ecosystem productivity of a secondary mangrove forest in eastern Thailand

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sasitorn Poungparn ◽  
Akira Komiyama ◽  
Tanuwong Sangteian ◽  
Chatree Maknual ◽  
Pipat Patanaponpaiboon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Mangrove Forest ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Net Ecosystem Productivity ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Ecosystem Productivity ◽  
Submerged Soil ◽  
Global Carbon

The distribution of mangrove forests is limited to the coastal zones of tropical and subtropical regions, and their total area is far smaller than that of upland forests (Spalding et al. 2010). Mangrove forests often show unique patterns of biomass allocation and carbon dynamics because they are periodically submerged by tides (Komiyama et al. 2008). Therefore, the contribution of mangrove forests to the global carbon fixation process should be carefully evaluated even though their distribution area is limited.

scholarly journals Changes in global terrestrial live biomass over the 21st century

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (27) ◽  
pp. eabe9829
Author(s):  
Liang Xu ◽  
Sassan S. Saatchi ◽  
Yan Yang ◽  
Yifan Yu ◽  
Julia Pongratz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Spatially Explicit ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon ◽  
Lateral Transport ◽  
Boreal Ecosystems ◽  
Live Biomass ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon Sink ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Natural Climate ◽  
Global Carbon

Live woody vegetation is the largest reservoir of biomass carbon, with its restoration considered one of the most effective natural climate solutions. However, terrestrial carbon fluxes remain the largest uncertainty in the global carbon cycle. Here, we develop spatially explicit estimates of carbon stock changes of live woody biomass from 2000 to 2019 using measurements from ground, air, and space. We show that live biomass has removed 4.9 to 5.5 PgC year−1 from the atmosphere, offsetting 4.6 ± 0.1 PgC year−1 of gross emissions from disturbances and adding substantially (0.23 to 0.88 PgC year−1) to the global carbon stocks. Gross emissions and removals in the tropics were four times larger than temperate and boreal ecosystems combined. Although live biomass is responsible for more than 80% of gross terrestrial fluxes, soil, dead organic matter, and lateral transport may play important roles in terrestrial carbon sink.

scholarly journals The Missing Limb: Including Impacts of Biomass Extraction on Forest Carbon Stocks in GHG Balances of Wood Use

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Horst Fehrenbach ◽  
Mascha Bischoff ◽  
Hannes Böttcher ◽  
Judith Reise ◽  
Klaus Josef Hennenberg
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Forest Carbon ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
Carbon Neutrality ◽  
Energy Wood ◽  
Global Carbon

The global carbon neutrality challenge places a spotlight on forests as carbon sinks. However, greenhouse gas (GHG) balances of wood for material and energy use often reveal GHG emission savings in comparison with a non-wood reference. Is it thus better to increase wood production and use, or to conserve and expand the carbon stock in forests? GHG balances of wood products mostly ignore the dynamics of carbon storage in forests, which can be expressed as the carbon storage balance in forests (CSBF). For Germany, a CSBF of 0.25 to 1.15 t CO2/m³ wood can be assumed. When the CSBF is integrated into the GHG balance, GHG mitigation substantially deteriorates and wood products may even turn into a GHG source, e.g. in the case of energy wood. Here, building up the forest carbon sink would be the better option. We conclude that it is vital to include the CSBF in GHG balances of wood products if the wood is extracted from forests. Only then can GHG balances provide political decision-makers and stakeholders in the wood sector with a complete picture of GHG emissions.

Emergent constraints on global carbon-climate feedbacks from regional atmospheric aridity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armineh Barkhordarian ◽  
Kevin W. Bowman ◽  
Noel Cressie ◽  
Jeffrey Jewell ◽  
Johanna Baehr
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Climate Feedbacks ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Interannual Fluctuations ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon Sink ◽  
Emergent Constraint ◽  
Global Carbon

<p>The vulnerability of terrestrial carbon sequestration to increases in fossil fuel emissions is one of the most important feedbacks in the Earth System.  However, the relative importance of temperature and moisture controls on regional terrestrial CO2 fluxes varies substantially and yet critical to unraveling their roles in carbon-climate feedbacks. Here, we employ the Hierarchical Emergent Constraint (HEC) to quantify an emergent relationship between spatially- explicit sensitivities of carbon fluxes to atmospheric aridity across an ensemble of Earth System Models (ESMs) and the long-term sensitivity of tropical land-carbon storage to atmospheric aridity.  Our results show that interannual fluctuations in atmospheric aridity, as an important driver of atmospheric water demand for plants, substantially impact the terrestrial carbon sink. However, this analysis, which is conditioned on observations, leads to a substantially lower feedback than predicted by ESMs alone. Furthermore, we show that a relatively small number of regions have an out-sized impact on global carbon climate-feedbacks.  These findings underscore the role of both water and temperature on carbon-climate feedbacks while the regional attribution provided by HEC points to areas for further process-based research.</p>

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