scholarly journals Mandibular shape prediction using cephalometric analysis: applications in craniofacial analysis, forensic anthropology and archaeological reconstruction

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Omran ◽  
David Wertheim ◽  
Kathryn Smith ◽  
Ching Yiu Jessica Liu ◽  
Farhad B. Naini
Keyword(s):  
Cranial Base ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Dental Occlusion ◽  
Cephalometric Analysis ◽  
Skeletal Class ◽  
Shape Prediction ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Anterior Cranial Base ◽  
Mandibular Body ◽  
Archaeological Reconstruction

Abstract Background The human mandible is variable in shape, size and position and any deviation from normal can affect the facial appearance and dental occlusion. Objectives The objectives of this study were to determine whether the Sassouni cephalometric analysis could help predict two-dimensional mandibular shape in humans using cephalometric planes and landmarks. Materials and methods A retrospective computerised analysis of 100 lateral cephalometric radiographs taken at Kingston Hospital Orthodontic Department was carried out. Results Results showed that the Euclidean straight-line mean difference between the estimated position of gonion and traced position of gonion was 7.89 mm and the Euclidean straight-line mean difference between the estimated position of pogonion and the traced position of pogonion was 11.15 mm. The length of the anterior cranial base as measured by sella-nasion was positively correlated with the length of the mandibular body gonion-menton, r = 0.381 and regression analysis showed the length of the anterior cranial base sella-nasion could be predictive of the length of the mandibular body gonion-menton by the equation 22.65 + 0.5426x, where x = length of the anterior cranial base (SN). There was a significant association with convex shaped palates and oblique shaped mandibles, p = 0.0004. Conclusions The method described in this study can be used to help estimate the position of cephalometric points gonion and pogonion and thereby sagittal mandibular length. This method is more accurate in skeletal class I cases and therefore has potential applications in craniofacial anthropology and the ‘missing mandible’ problem in forensic and archaeological reconstruction.

scholarly journals Craniofacial and Craniocervical Features in Cartilage-Hair Hypoplasia: A Radiological Study of 17 Patients and 34 Controls

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Arponen ◽  
Marjut Evälahti ◽  
Outi Mäkitie
Keyword(s):  
Skull Base ◽  
Cranial Base ◽  
Basilar Invagination ◽  
Craniocervical Junction ◽  
Skeletal Class ◽  
Base Angle ◽  
Cartilage Hair Hypoplasia ◽  
Skeletal Class Ii ◽  
Anterior Cranial Base ◽  
Age Range

BackgroundBiallelic mutations in the non-coding RNA gene RMRP cause Cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH), a rare skeletal dysplasia in which the main phenotypic characteristic is severe progressive growth retardation.ObjectiveThis study compared the cranial dimensions of individuals with CHH to healthy subjects.MethodsLateral skull radiographs of 17 patients with CHH (age range 10 to 59 years) and 34 healthy individuals (age range 10 to 54 years) were analyzed for relative position of the jaws to skull base, craniofacial height and depth, as well as vertical growth pattern of the lower jaw, anterior cranial base angle, and the relationship between the cervical spine and skull base.ResultsWe found that the length of the upper and lower jaws, and clivus were significantly decreased in patients with CHH as compared to the controls. Anterior cranial base angle was large in patients with CHH. Basilar invagination was not found.ConclusionThis study found no severe craniofacial involvement of patients with CHH, except for the short jaws. Unexpectedly, mandibular deficiency did not lead to skeletal class II malocclusion.Clinical ImpactAlthough the jaws were shorter in patients with CHH, they were proportional to each other. A short posterior cranial base was not associated with craniocervical junction pathology.

scholarly journals Cephalometric association of mandibular size/length to the surface area and dimensions of the frontal and maxillary sinuses

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
pp. 253-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soghra Yassaei ◽  
Akramsadat Emami ◽  
Sanam Mirbeigi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Frontal Sinus ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Class Iii Malocclusion ◽  
Skeletal Class ◽  
Anterior Cranial Base ◽  
Lateral Cephalograms ◽  
Mandibular Body ◽  
Maxillary Sinuses

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to determine the cephalometric association of mandibular size/length to the surface area and dimensions of the frontal and maxillary sinuses. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 116 digital lateral cephalograms of 38 patients with skeletal Class I malocclusion (normal), 40 patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion with mandibular deficiency, and 38 patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion with mandibular excess. Both male and female patients were included. Using AutoCAD 2016 software, the anteroposterior dimension, height and surface area of the frontal and maxillary sinuses, mandibular body length and cephalometric indices including anterior and posterior cranial bases, and growth pattern indices were measured on lateral cephalograms. Results: Dimensions and surface area of the frontal and maxillary sinuses in skeletal Class III malocclusion were greater than those in other groups. These variables were significantly correlated with the mandibular body length. The coefficient for the correlation of height, width, and surface area of the frontal sinus with mandibular body length was 0.253, 0.284, and 0.490, respectively. The coefficient for the correlation of height, length, and surface area of the maxillary sinus with mandibular body length was 0.346, 0.657, and 0.661, respectively. These variables (except for the frontal sinus width) had a significant correlation with the anterior and posterior cranial bases. The frontal sinus width had a significant correlation with the anterior cranial base. These variables in males were greater than those in females. Conclusion: The dimensions and surface area of the frontal and maxillary sinuses in skeletal Class III malocclusion were greater than those in other groups. These variables (except for the frontal sinus width) had a significant correlation with the anterior and posterior cranial bases and mandibular body length.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Cranial Base Morphology of Pakistani Population in Skeletal Class I, II and III Malocclusions

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-46
Author(s):  
Faizan Alia ◽  
Rabia Aziz ◽  
Amna Malik ◽  
Hadiqa Afzal
Keyword(s):  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Cranial Base ◽  
Class I ◽  
Base Length ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Skeletal Class ◽  
Anterior Cranial Base ◽  
Angular Measurements ◽  
Jaw Position

 Introduction: Cranial Base integrate different patterns of growth in various regions of the skull such as the nasal cavity, the oral cavity, and the pharynx. Anteroposterior jaw position is thought to be affected by cranial base growth. Although scientific literature shows conflicting results regarding both positive and negative correlation between the cranial base and skeletal malocclusions. Materials & Method: 138 patients selected according to the Inclusion criteria were divided into three major categories depending upon ANB angle. Class I, class II group and class III group. Pretreatment lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken. Linear and Angular measurements were measured. All the data was entered in SPSS version 25 and then analyzed by using descriptive statistics including mean, standard deviation and by using inferential statistics including Pearson correlation and ANOVA test. Result: No significant differences were recorded between cranial base deflection angles (N-S-Ar and N-S-Ba) and malocclusions groups while Anterior cranial base length S-N was found to be maximum in class III and posterior cranial base length S-Ba was greater in class I. Conclusion: Cranial base angles N-S-Ar and N-S-Ba did not demonstrate any statistically significant correlation with three malocclusion groups i.e. Class I, Class II and Class III and their correlation was negative.

scholarly journals Cranial Base Features in Skeletal Class III Patients

2008 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Proff ◽  
Florian Will ◽  
Ivan Bokan ◽  
Jochen Fanghänel ◽  
Tomas Gedrange
Keyword(s):  
Cranial Base ◽  
Class I ◽  
Base Length ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Skeletal Class ◽  
Anterior Cranial Base ◽  
Condylar Displacement ◽  
Mandibular Protrusion

Abstract Objective: To investigate the cranial base configuration in skeletal Class III patients to clarify the conflicting findings from literature. Materials and Methods: Initial lateral radiographs of 54 skeletal Class III patients and 54 matched controls (Class I, II/1, II/2) aged 14 to 24 years were analyzed retrospectively for 21 cephalometric basicranial variables and jaw lengths relative to anterior cranial base length. Results: In contrast to overall cranial base length, the anterior (N-S) and posterior (S-Ba, S-Ar) sections failed to show a significant reduction in Class III patients. The significantly more acute angles Ca-S-Ba and Se-S-Ba reflected increased cranial base flexure. Resulting anterior condylar displacement was shown by significant reduction of Se-S-Cd and Ar-Ca. Relative mandibular length was significantly increased. Conclusions: Decreased basicranial angulation associated with Class III mandibular protrusion was clearly confirmed for skeletal Class III patients. Overall shortening of the cranial base apparently resulted from various minor alterations. The results are compatible with the deficient orthocephalization hypothesis of Class III morphogenesis. The basicranial-maxillary relationship in skeletal Class III remains unclear.

Effects of Palate Repair on Cranial Base and Maxillary Morphology in Patients With Unilateral Complete Cleft Lip and Palate

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1367-1374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiyang Liu ◽  
Zhenqi Chen
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Cranial Base ◽  
Cephalometric Analysis ◽  
Anterior Cranial Base ◽  
Lateral Cephalograms ◽  
Palate Repair ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Maxillary Morphology ◽  
Group 1

Objective: To identify the effects of palate repair on cranial base and maxillary morphology in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and to discover the relevance between cranial base and maxilla through cephalometric analysis. Design: Retrospective. Patients: Thirty-seven UCLP patients with operated lip (OL) and unoperated palate constituted OL group and were classified into 5 cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) stages. Thirty-seven UCLP patients with operated lip and palate (OLP) and 37 noncleft people with skeletal class I malocclusion were CVM- and sex-matched with the OL group as OLP group and control group, respectively. CVM stage I and II were combined into group 1, CVM stage III to V were combined into group 2. Interventions: Lateral cephalograms of all participants were obtained. Main Outcome Measures: Cephalometric analysis was employed, and data were compared among groups. Results: Length of posterior cranial base (Ba-S) of the OL group was shorter than controls in group 1; Ba-S and the ratio between length of posterior and anterior cranial base (Ba-S/S-N) of the OL and OLP groups were smaller than controls in group 2. No significant differences in cranial base were found between the OL and OLP groups. In group 1, patients of the OLP group showed smaller SNA, ANS-Ptm, and ANS-Ptm/S-N, and patients of the OL group showed smaller ANS-Ptm. In group 2, both OL and OLP groups had smaller sella-nasion-A point angle (SNA), projection distance between ANS and Ptm points on FH plane (ANS-Ptm), and the ratio between ANS-Ptm and anterior cranial base length (ANS-Ptm/S-N). Conclusions: Palate repair seems to have no obvious effects on cranial base morphology in patients with UCLP. Those patients with lip operated, whether cleft palate operated or not, tend to have a smaller length of maxilla sagittally and this deformity progresses with age.

scholarly journals Dentofacial and skeletal pattern in African descendants from southeastern Brazil: clinical prospective study

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Cristina Pereira de OLIVEIRA ◽  
Flávio de Mendonça COPELLO ◽  
Isabela Maria de Carvalho Crusoé SILVA ◽  
Lincoln Issamu NOJIMA ◽  
Matilde da Cunha Gonçalves NOJIMA
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Cranial Base ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Dental Occlusion ◽  
European American ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Anterior Cranial Base ◽  
Normal Occlusion ◽  
Student’S T

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate characteristics of African-Brazilians young adults with excellent dental occlusion, including bimaxillary protrusion; compare them to European-American Caucasian standards, and determine whether there is sexual dimorphism in the display of this phenotype. Methods: Lateral cephalometric radiographs were obtained from 43 African-Brazilians within military personnel (28 males and 15 females, average age 22.4 ± 3.4 years) with normal occlusion, selected from a group of 394 volunteers. Thirty-one angular and linear measurements were evaluated. Student’s t-test for independent samples was used to compare results with those established by European-American standards, previously described in the literature. Results: Considering the dentoalveolar pattern, seven angular and six linear measurements showed statistically significant differences (p< 0.001) when compared to Caucasian cephalometric standards. African-Brazilians’ subjects showed lower cranial base angle (SNAr = 119.87 ± 5.66º) and anterior cranial base length (SN-distance = 68.63 ± 4.50 mm) (p< 0.001). The maxilla (SNA = 88.51 ± 3.23º) and the mandible (SNB = 85.06 ± 3.24º) were protruded in relation to the SN line (p< 0.001). Sexual dimorphism was significant for L1.NB (degrees) (p< 0.01), and interincisal angle (U1.L1) (p< 0.05). Conclusion: African-Brazilian young adults presented differences regarding dental and craniofacial characteristics, when compared to European-American norms. It can be stated that Caucasian cephalometric norms should not be applied to African-Brazilian faces.

Crouzon Syndrome: Cephalometric Analysis and Evaluation of Pathogenesis

1994 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Carinci ◽  
Anna Avantaggiato ◽  
Curioni Camillo
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cranial Base ◽  
Cephalometric Analysis ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Crouzon Syndrome ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation ◽  
Anterior Cranial Base ◽  
Dimensional Measurements

Crouzon syndrome is a craniofaciostenosis characterized by brachycephaly, ocular proptosis, and maxillary retrusion. The hypothesis has been forwarded that an alteration in anterior cranial base synchondrosis activity is responsible for the skeleton abnormalities which are associated with this disorder. The present work was aimed at assessing this pathogenetic hypothesis. Cephalometry was used as the analysis method and care was taken in determining the three-dimensional measurements of some functional spaces (e.g., orbit, rhinopharynx, and nasal cavity). The results indicate that in Crouzon syndrome the craniofacial alterations depend not only on reduced synchondrosis activity of the anterior cranial base, but also of the posterior cranial base.

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