Cranial Base Features in Skeletal Class III Patients

Abstract Objective: To investigate the cranial base configuration in skeletal Class III patients to clarify the conflicting findings from literature. Materials and Methods: Initial lateral radiographs of 54 skeletal Class III patients and 54 matched controls (Class I, II/1, II/2) aged 14 to 24 years were analyzed retrospectively for 21 cephalometric basicranial variables and jaw lengths relative to anterior cranial base length. Results: In contrast to overall cranial base length, the anterior (N-S) and posterior (S-Ba, S-Ar) sections failed to show a significant reduction in Class III patients. The significantly more acute angles Ca-S-Ba and Se-S-Ba reflected increased cranial base flexure. Resulting anterior condylar displacement was shown by significant reduction of Se-S-Cd and Ar-Ca. Relative mandibular length was significantly increased. Conclusions: Decreased basicranial angulation associated with Class III mandibular protrusion was clearly confirmed for skeletal Class III patients. Overall shortening of the cranial base apparently resulted from various minor alterations. The results are compatible with the deficient orthocephalization hypothesis of Class III morphogenesis. The basicranial-maxillary relationship in skeletal Class III remains unclear.

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Evaluation of Cranial Base Morphology of Pakistani Population in Skeletal Class I, II and III Malocclusions

Orthodontic Journal of Nepal ◽

10.3126/ojn.v9i2.28413 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 43-46

Author(s):

Faizan Alia ◽

Rabia Aziz ◽

Amna Malik ◽

Hadiqa Afzal

Keyword(s):

Pearson Correlation ◽

Class Ii ◽

Cranial Base ◽

Class I ◽

Base Length ◽

Class Iii ◽

Skeletal Class ◽

Anterior Cranial Base ◽

Angular Measurements ◽

Jaw Position

Introduction: Cranial Base integrate different patterns of growth in various regions of the skull such as the nasal cavity, the oral cavity, and the pharynx. Anteroposterior jaw position is thought to be affected by cranial base growth. Although scientific literature shows conflicting results regarding both positive and negative correlation between the cranial base and skeletal malocclusions. Materials & Method: 138 patients selected according to the Inclusion criteria were divided into three major categories depending upon ANB angle. Class I, class II group and class III group. Pretreatment lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken. Linear and Angular measurements were measured. All the data was entered in SPSS version 25 and then analyzed by using descriptive statistics including mean, standard deviation and by using inferential statistics including Pearson correlation and ANOVA test. Result: No significant differences were recorded between cranial base deflection angles (N-S-Ar and N-S-Ba) and malocclusions groups while Anterior cranial base length S-N was found to be maximum in class III and posterior cranial base length S-Ba was greater in class I. Conclusion: Cranial base angles N-S-Ar and N-S-Ba did not demonstrate any statistically significant correlation with three malocclusion groups i.e. Class I, Class II and Class III and their correlation was negative.

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Cephalometric Evaluation Of The Size And Morphology Of Sella Turcica In Different Types Of Malocclusion Among Romanian Subjects

European Scientific Journal ESJ ◽

10.19044/esj.2016.v12n21p1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 12 (21) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Irinel Panainte ◽

Reka Gyergyay ◽

Krisztina Martha

Keyword(s):

Sella Turcica ◽

Cranial Base ◽

Class I ◽

Base Length ◽

Class Iii ◽

Linear Measurements ◽

Mean Values ◽

Skeletal Class ◽

Skeletal Class Ii ◽

Different Types

Introduction: The vertical and sagital position of the maxilla and mandible is influenced by the size and the angulation of the cranial base. Sellae turcica is part of the cranial base. It is located in the middle cranial fossa. Thus, the growth and the development of this bony structure are influenced by neural and general skeletal pattern as well. Cephalometric analysis is an important part of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. From numerous cephalometric landmarks, the S- sellae point is commonly used to describe the cranial base. Also, it is used to evaluate other bony structures’ position towards it. Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the shape and the dimension of the sellae turcica in different types of malocclusions. Materials and Methods: 136 randomly selected lateral cephalometric radiographs were analyzed. Also, skeletal and facial pattern was identified and the shape and sagital dimension of the sellae was measured. Results: Statistical analysis presented no significancy regarding sellae’s shape in different types of malocclusion. However, the skeletal class II cases presented the most anarchic sellae shapes. Comparing linear measurements of skeletal length and sellae diameter, we found that the smallest diameter of the sellae appears in class III malocclusions. Thus, other skeletal length presents the lowest mean values also. Statistically significant differences among maxillary, mandibular, and cranial base length and sellae diameter were found in class I malocclusion (p=0.013). Conclusions: Sella morphology appears to have certain correlation with cranial and jaw base length and jaw base relationship in skeletal Class I Romanian population

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Cranial base characteristics in anteroposterior malocclusions: A meta-analysis

The Angle Orthodontist ◽

10.2319/032315-186.1 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 86 (4) ◽

pp. 668-680 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Aixiu Gong ◽

Jing Li ◽

Zhendong Wang ◽

Yuan Li ◽

Fang Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Meta Analysis ◽

Class Ii ◽

Cranial Base ◽

Class I ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Base Length ◽

Class Iii ◽

Class Iii Malocclusion ◽

Base Angle ◽

Statistical Heterogeneity

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate cranial base characteristics in malocclusions with sagittal discrepancies. Materials and Methods: An electronic search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. A fixed- or random-effect model was applied to calculate weighted mean difference with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) according to statistical heterogeneity. Outcome measures were anterior, posterior, and total cranial base length and cranial base angle. Sensitivity analysis and publication bias were conducted. Results: Twenty studies that together included 1121 Class I, 1051 Class II, and 730 Class III cases qualified for the final analysis. Class III malocclusion demonstrated significantly reduced anterior (95% CI: −1.74, −0.53; P < .001 vs Class I; 95% CI: −3.30, −2.09; P < .001 vs Class II) and total cranial base length (95% CI: −3.33, −1.36; P < .001 vs Class I; 95% CI: −7.38, −4.05; P < .001 vs Class II). Further, Class II patients showed significantly greater anterior and total cranial base length than did Class I patients (95% CI: 0.51, 1.87; P < .001 for SN; 95% CI: 2.20, 3.30; P < .001 for NBa). Cranial base angle was significantly smaller in Class III than in Class I (95% CI: −3.14, −0.93; P < .001 for NSBa; 95% CI: −2.73, −0.68; P = .001 for NSAr) and Class II malocclusions (95% CI: −5.73, −1.06; P = .004 for NSBa; 95% CI: −6.11, −1.92; P < .001 for NSAr) and greater in Class II than in Class I malocclusions (95% CI: 1.38, 2.38; P < .001 for NSBa). Conclusions: This meta-analysis showed that anterior and total cranial base length and cranial base angle were significantly smaller in Class III malocclusion than in Class I and Class II malocclusions, and that they were greater in Class II subjects compared to controls.

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Cephalometric assessment of maxillary length in Serbian children with skeletal class III

Vojnosanitetski pregled ◽

10.2298/vsp110224042s ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 70 (7) ◽

pp. 645-652 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Zdenka Stojanovic ◽

Predrag Nikolic ◽

Angelina Nikodijevic ◽

Jasmina Milic ◽

Branislav Stojanovic

Keyword(s):

Cranial Base ◽

Mixed Dentition ◽

Class I ◽

Control Group ◽

Class Iii ◽

X Ray ◽

Skeletal Class ◽

Jaw Bones ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A

Background/Aim. Malocclusion of skeletal class III is a complex irregularity of sagittal inter-jaw relationship, which is due to irregularities of sagittal position of one or both of the jaw bones, which is often associated with disproportionate ratio of their length. The aim of this study was to determine whether the length of the jaw of children with skeletal class III in the period of mixed dentition was changed. Methods. Fifty children with skeletal class III and the same number of those with skeletal class I, of both sexes, have been selected on the basis of cephalometric analysis of profile tele-x-ray of the head. All the children aged 6-12 had mixed dentition, and were divided according to sex and age into three subgroups within each group. The length of maxilla, mandible and cranial base were measured. Proportions among the lengths measured within each group were found and difference significance in the measured lengths and their proportions among groups and subgroups were evaluated. Results. The children with skeletal class III, compared with the findings in the control group, had significantly lower values of maxillary length, total maxillary length, as well as lower values of their lengths in proportion to lengths of the front or the total length of cranial base and in proportion to mandibular lengths (p < 0.05). Among the patients of different sexes, both in the test and the control group, a significant difference in the values of the measured lengths was found. Conclusion. The children with skeletal class III have significantly shorter maxilla than those with skeletal class I.

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Radiographic cephalometry assessment of the linear and angular parameters on cranial base in children with skeletal class III

Vojnosanitetski pregled ◽

10.2298/vsp0709604s ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 64 (9) ◽

pp. 604-610 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zdenka Stojanovic ◽

Jasmina Milic ◽

Predrag Nikolic

Keyword(s):

Clinical Examination ◽

Cranial Base ◽

Mixed Dentition ◽

Class I ◽

Class Iii ◽

Skeletal Class ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group 2 ◽

Parameter Values ◽

Group 1

Background/Aim. In malocclusion of skeletal class III, mandible is located in front of maxilla in sagital plain, which is manifested by a lower value of the sagital inter-jaw angle than in skeletal class I, where the jaw sagital relation is normal. Apart from the deformities on mandible and/or maxilla, in skeletal class III deformities are also frequent on the cranial base. The aim of this research was to find the differences in the parameter values on the cranial base among the children with skeletal class III and the children with skeletal class I in the period of mixed dentition. Methods. After clinical examination and orthopan-tomography, profile radiography of the head was analyzed in 60 examinees, aged from 6?12 years. The examinees were divided into two groups: group 1 - the children with skeletal class III; group 2 - the children with skeletal class I. Both linear and angular parameters on the cranial base were measured, as well as the angles of maxillary and mandible prognatism and the angle of sagital inter-jaw relation. The level of difference in the parameter values between the groups was estimated and the degree of correlation of the main angle of the cranial base with the angles of sagital position of the jaws in each of the two groups was established. Results. A significant difference between the groups was found only in the average values of the angles of maxillary prognatism and sagital interjaw relation. In the group 1, the main angle of the cranial base was in a significant correlation with the angles of sagital positions of the jaws, while in the group 2, such significance was not found. Conclusion. There were no significant differences in the parameter values on the cranial base between the groups. There was a significant correlation of the main angle of the cranial base with the angles of sagital position of the jaws in the group 1 only. .

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Cephalometric Evaluation of Anterior Cranial Base Slope in Patients with Skeletal Class I Malocclusion with Low or High SNA and SNB Angles

Turkish Journal of Orthodontics ◽

10.5152/turkjorthod.2020.20017 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 171-176

Author(s):

Hasan Camci ◽

◽

Farhad Salmanpour ◽

Keyword(s):

Cranial Base ◽

Class I ◽

Skeletal Class ◽

Anterior Cranial Base

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Duration of the Pubertal Peak in Skeletal Class I and Class III Subjects

The Angle Orthodontist ◽

10.2319/020309-69.1 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 80 (1) ◽

pp. 54-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Małgorzata Kuc-Michalska ◽

Tiziano Baccetti

Keyword(s):

Class I ◽

Class Iii ◽

Skeletal Class

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Craniofacial and Craniocervical Features in Cartilage-Hair Hypoplasia: A Radiological Study of 17 Patients and 34 Controls

Frontiers in Endocrinology ◽

10.3389/fendo.2021.741548 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Heidi Arponen ◽

Marjut Evälahti ◽

Outi Mäkitie

Keyword(s):

Skull Base ◽

Cranial Base ◽

Basilar Invagination ◽

Craniocervical Junction ◽

Skeletal Class ◽

Base Angle ◽

Cartilage Hair Hypoplasia ◽

Skeletal Class Ii ◽

Anterior Cranial Base ◽

Age Range

BackgroundBiallelic mutations in the non-coding RNA gene RMRP cause Cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH), a rare skeletal dysplasia in which the main phenotypic characteristic is severe progressive growth retardation.ObjectiveThis study compared the cranial dimensions of individuals with CHH to healthy subjects.MethodsLateral skull radiographs of 17 patients with CHH (age range 10 to 59 years) and 34 healthy individuals (age range 10 to 54 years) were analyzed for relative position of the jaws to skull base, craniofacial height and depth, as well as vertical growth pattern of the lower jaw, anterior cranial base angle, and the relationship between the cervical spine and skull base.ResultsWe found that the length of the upper and lower jaws, and clivus were significantly decreased in patients with CHH as compared to the controls. Anterior cranial base angle was large in patients with CHH. Basilar invagination was not found.ConclusionThis study found no severe craniofacial involvement of patients with CHH, except for the short jaws. Unexpectedly, mandibular deficiency did not lead to skeletal class II malocclusion.Clinical ImpactAlthough the jaws were shorter in patients with CHH, they were proportional to each other. A short posterior cranial base was not associated with craniocervical junction pathology.

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Anatomical characteristics of mandibular bone in skeletal Class I, II and III patients by using cone beam computed tomography images in an iranian population

Brazilian Dental Science ◽

10.14295/bds.2021.v24i2.2475 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Mohammad Zandi ◽

Abbas Shokri ◽

Vahid Mollabashi ◽

Zahed Eghdami ◽

Payam Amini

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Cone Beam Computed Tomography ◽

Class Ii ◽

Class I ◽

Cone Beam ◽

Class Iii ◽

Anatomical Characteristics ◽

Skeletal Class ◽

Skeletal Class Ii ◽

Ramus Height

Objetive: This study aimed to compare the anatomical characteristics of the mandible in patients with skeletal class I, II and class III disorders using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Material and Methods: CBCT scans of patients between 17 to 40 years taken with NewTom 3G CBCT system with 12-inch field of view (FOV) were selected from the archive. Lateral cephalograms were obtained from CBCT scans of patients, and type of skeletal malocclusion was determined (Class I, II or III). All CBCT scans were evaluated in the sagittal, coronal and axial planes using the N.N.T viewer software. Results: The ramus height and distance from the mandibular foramen to the sigmoid notch in class II patients were significantly different from those in skeletal class I (P < 0.005). Distance from the mandibular canal to the anterior border of ramus in class III individuals was significantly different from that in skeletal class I individuals (P < .005). Conclusion: Length of the body of mandible in skeletal class I was significantly different from that in skeletal class II and III patients. Also, ramus height in skeletal class I was significantly different from that in skeletal class II patients. CBCT had high efficacy for accurate identification of anatomical landmarks. Keywords Prognathism; Retrognathism; Mandible; Anatomy; Cone beam computed tomography.

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Relationship between skeletal malocclusion and dental anomalies in Nepalese population

Orthodontic Journal of Nepal ◽

10.3126/ojn.v9i1.25684 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 15-18

Author(s):

Bashu Dev Pant ◽

Anjana Rajbhandari ◽

Resina Pradhan ◽

Manju Bajracharya

Keyword(s):

Third Molar ◽

Class Ii ◽

Class I ◽

Class Ii Malocclusion ◽

Class Iii ◽

Dental Anomalies ◽

Chi Square ◽

Skeletal Class ◽

Skeletal Malocclusion ◽

Third Molar Agenesis

Introduction: Teeth eruption is important for the development of alveolar process which increases vertical height of the face and third molar is the last tooth to erupt in the oral cavity after birth. The aim of this study was to determine relationship between skeletal malocclusion and dental anomalies in Nepalese population. Materials & Method: A sample of 170 patients with agenesis of at least one third molar was divided into four groups according to the third-molar agenesis pattern. Panoramic radiographs, lateral cephalograph and cast models were used to determine the skeletal malocclusion and associated dental anomalies. The Pearson chi-square test was used for stastical analysis. Result: Among 170 patients more than half of the patients were female with the average age being 18.15 ± 3.64 years. Majority of the patients had Class I skeletal malocclusion followed by Class II and III but on group wise comparison of patients with different skeletal patterns Class I skeletal malocclusion had highest prevalence of dental anomalies followed by Class III and Class II malocclusion. Conclusion: Prevalence of third-molar agenesis was more in skeletal class I malocclusion followed by class II and III but skeletal Class I malocclusions had more dental anomalies followed by class III and class II malocclusion.

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