Relationship of maxillary and mandibular effective base length, arch length and dental crowding in different vertical growth pattern

Objectives: The objectives of the study were to assess, measure, and correlate the maxillary and mandibular effective base length, arch length to the amount of dental crowding in different vertical growth pattern patients. Materials and Methods: Sample comprising 100 pre-treatment lateral cephalograms and study models (age group – 16–25 years) was randomly selected. The sample was divided into two groups, that is, clockwise (50) and anticlockwise (50) rotation based on the measurement of the gonial angle. The gonial angle and maxillary and mandibular effective lengths were measured on pre-treatment lateral cephalograms. Dental crowding and arch length were measured on the pre-treatment dental casts. Intergroup comparisons of effective base length, arch length, and crowding were performed with unpaired t-tests. Correlations between effective base length, arch length, and dental crowding were examined by means of Pearson’s correlation coefficient (P < 0.05). Results: Subjects with clockwise rotation significantly had more mandibular dental crowding and significantly decreased mandibular arch length compared to the anticlockwise group. An inverse correlation was found between maxillary and mandibular effective base length, arch length, and dental crowding while a positive correlation was found between maxillary and mandibular base length and arch length in both the groups. Conclusion: Clockwise rotation of the mandible along with skeletal and dental factors such as decreased effective base lengths and arch length, respectively, constitutes an important factor leading to dental crowding.

Parallel Packing Squares into a Triangle

Assume that $$T_h$$ T h is a triangle with the interior angles at the base of the measure not greater than $$90^0$$ 90 0 , with the base length 1 and the height h. Let S be a square with a side parallel to the base of $$T_h$$ T h and let $$\{S_n\}$$ { S n } be a collection of the homothetic copies of S. A tight upper bound of the sum of the areas of squares from $$\{S_n\}$$ { S n } that can be parallel packed into a triangle $$T_h$$ T h is determined.

Energy dissipation performance of the trapezoidal stepped spillway

Stepped spillways are a more effective type of spillway in energy dissipation than conventional chute channels. Therefore, the dimensions of the energy breaker at the downstream of the stepped spillways are lower. It is an alternative especially for the downstream pool that cannot be built in sufficient length due to the terrain conditions. In this study, the energy dissipation performance of the trapezoidal stepped spillways was investigated numerically by using Flow3D software. Four different models and three different discharges were utilized for this aim. According to the results, the trapezoidal stepped spillway is more effective up to 30% than classical stepped spillways in energy dissipation. The depth of the trapezoidal step and the bottom base length of the trapezoid significantly affected the energy dissipation rate for the trapezoidal stepped spillway.

Morphobiological characteristics and taxonomic status of weather loaches (Misgurnus) in the Pad Bolshaya (Middle Amur River)

Morphological signs (32 plastic and 7 meristic) and biological parameters (size, weight, age and sexual structure, fecundity) are considered for weather loaches of gen. Misgurnus inhabiting the Pad Bolshaya (Jewish Autonomous oblast), with the body length Ad 60.2-182.4 mm, body weigh 2.3-55.3 g, age 1-8 years and sex ratio about 1 : 1 (53 % males, 47 % females). Sexual dimorphism is found for antedorsal, anteventral and ventroanal distances, tail fin base length, base length and height of pectoral, pelvic and anal fins, and maximum body height. Ontogenetic variability of morphological indices in dependence on body length is detected for 26 of 32 plastic signs, whereas the dependence of anteanal, antedorsal, pectoventral, and anteventral distances, and maximum and minimum body height on the body length is not statistically significant. Males grow slower than females. Age of puberty is 4-6 years, mean individual absolute fecundity is 7409 eggs. The analysis concluded that the weather loaches Misgurnus in the Pad Bolshaya belonged to the species Misgurnus nikolskyi (Vasil’eva, 2001).

Experimental Analysis of Height to Base Length Effect in Trapezoidal Prism Inclined Solar Chimney

The use of a solar chimney for ventilation has a very significant environmental and economic impact. The aim of this work is to found the optimum ratio between height and base length in trapezoidal prism-shaped solar chimney. The idea is to give more flexibility to the architectural design in buildings and offer the possibility of combination with other passive or active systems. Trapezoidal shape of solar chimney can be interesting not by increasing the efficiency comparing with other shapes like the rectangular. It may be more aesthetically pleasing, easily to be installed and retrofitted on trapezoidal roofs even on existing buildings. For this reason, three differents ratios of height to base length (h/l = 1), (h/l = 1.5) and (h/l = 2) have been experimentally studied. Two correlations to predict solar chimney exit air velocity and efficiency were developed and tested; good agreement with experimental results is proved. Results show that the flow rate increase by increasing (h/l) in a logarithmic tendency. The optimum thermal efficiency is given where h/l = 1.65. An approach using RETScreen4 software was also carried out and showed that 1 m² solar chimney installed in favorable conditions can cover 37 m² of living space in term of ventilation. For a 120 m² house, solar chimney system saves the equivalent of 23.9 liters of gasoline per year.

Designing a Rotary Composter Tool With an Ergonomic Approach to the Organic Garbage Processing Process

Garbage is one of the problems facing the Indonesian society. The production of garbage resulting from various individual activities is increasing each day. University of Ahmad Dahlan (UAD) Yogyakarta as one of the colleges in Yogyakarta has the potential to produce garbage of large amounts. Under the strategic plan of environmentally insightful campus development, garbage processing will be carried out by the institutions of University of Ahmad Dahlan and academic civitas. The average garbage produced by UAD 4 campus activities is 170 kg/day with an organic waste composition of 22.57 kg and non-organic 147.43 kg. During this time the garbage was directly distributed to the Piyungan landfill without being processed first, as the campus party had not been available garbage processing devices. The purpose of the study was to design organic garbage processing tools into compost fertilizers. The study used an ergonomic approach by utilizing anthropometric data in the determination of size from the design. Anthropometric data used in this study are Tinggi Bahu Duduk (TBD) or Shoulder High Sitting, Lebar Pinggul (LP) or Hip Width, Pantat Popliteal (PP) or Popliteal Butt, Tinggi Siku Berdiri (TSB) or Standing Elbow Height, Panjang Lengan Bawah (PLB) or Lower Arm Length, Lebar Bahu Atas (LBA) or Upper Shoulder Width, and Tinggi Lutut (TL) or Knee Height. The result of the study was an ergonomic Rotary Composter tool design operated by one person manually with dimensions 115 cm long, 148 cm wide, 115 cm tall, 60 cm barrel diameter, seat rest height 58.75 cm, 41.23 cm seat width, seat base length 45.39 cm, the distance between seats, tool height 114.94 cm, with tool 37.33 cm wide, seat rest 50 cm, 13 cm, seat width, and seat height 59.08 cm.

Craniofacial morphology in down syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The aim of this study was to evaluate the craniofacial cephalometric characteristics of individuals with Down syndrome (DS), comparing them with healthy subjects. An electronic search was made in Pubmed, Embase, Lilacs, Scopus, Medline and Web of Science without imposing limitations on publication date or language. Studies were selecting following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. The PECO acronym was applied as follows: P (population), individuals with DS; E, (exposition) diagnosis of DS; C (comparison), individuals without DS; O (outcomes) craniofacial characteristics based on cephalometric measurements. Independent reviewers performed data extraction and assessed the methodological quality of the articles using the Newcastle–Ottawa Quality-Assessment-scale. Seven case–control studies were included in meta-analysis. Given the variability of the cephalometric measurements used, only those that had been reported in at least three or more works could be included. Anterior cranial base length (SN), posterior cranial base length (SBa), total cranial base length (BaN), effective length of the maxilla (CoA), sagittal relationship between subspinale and supramentale (ANB), anterior facial height (NMe), and posterior facial height (SGo) values were significantly lower in the DS population than among control subjects. No significant differences were found in sagittal position of subspinale relative to cranial base (SNA) and sagittal position of supramentale relative to cranial base (SNB). Summarizing, individuals with DS present a shorter and flatter cranial base than the general population, an upper jaw of reduced sagittal dimension, as well as a tendency toward prognatic profile, with the medium third of the face flattened and a reduced anterior and posterior facial heights.

Cardiac remodeling in a fetal growth restriction cohort – a follow-up study from preadolescence into adolescence

Background and aim The persistence of cardiovascular changes in fetal growth restriction (FGR) has been demonstrated from prenatal to preadolescent age, supporting the hypothesis of primary cardiac programming in FGR and the association between low birth weight and cardiovascular risk in adulthood. The aim was to follow-up the FGR cohort and explore the cardiac function and shape in adolescence. Methods FGR was defined by estimated fetal weight and birth weight below the 10th centile, while the control group consisted of normally grown fetuses with birth weight above the 10thcentile. The patients were followed from preadolescence (8–12 years of age) to adolescence (12–17 years of age) with 2-D echocardiography and deformation imaging. The adolescent participants underwent a cardiopulmonary exercise test, where echocardiography was performed at peak exercise. Sphericity index was calculated as the ratio of the LV apex-to-base length and LV basal diameter, measured in 4-chambre view. Results The cohort included 56 participants: individuals with FGR (n=22) and controls (n=34). The mean follow-up was 4.4±0.5 years. The preadolescent FGR cohort was younger (10 vs. 11 years, p=0.004), of shorter height, and lower body weight. In FGR, the trend in smaller LV end-diastolic volumes (LVEDV) was paired with a shorter apex-to-base length (63 vs. 68 mm, p=0.006), and a significantly more spherical LV (1.9 vs 2.0, p=0.004). While the LV ejection fraction was preserved, the LV global longitudinal strain (GLS) was reduced (21.21 vs 22.45%, p=0.001) and the relaxation time impaired. In the follow-up adolescent cohort, there were no differences in height, weight, LV dimensions, LV sphericity, LV GLS or relaxation time. During the follow-up period, the FGR cohort had a significantly higher increase in weight (40 vs. 31%, p=0.016) and BMI (18 vs. 11%, p=0.008). The same was seen in cardiac dimensions, showing a higher increase in LVEDV (35 vs. 27%, p=0.049) and the LV base-to-apex length (24 vs. 17%, p&lt;0.001) (Figure 1); but equal increase of the LV basal diameter (p=0.770), resulting in a difference in the change of LV sphericity (0 vs. −13%, p=0.007) between subgroups. The rise in LVGLS was also higher in the FGR cohort (6 vs. 1%, p=0.049). During the exercise test there was no difference in maximal workload (112.5 vs. 125 Watts, p=0.981) or oxygen consumption (28.8 vs. 29.1 mL/min/kg, p=0.076). At peak exercise no differences were seen in cardiac dimensions, LV diastolic or systolic function. Conclusion The results suggest changes in cardiac shape and function, described in individuals with FGR in prenatal and preadolescent age, seem to be ameliorated in adolescence related to compensatory growth as compared to healthy controls. These findings offer novel information in the research of elevated cardiovascular risk in adults with FGR. Figure 1 Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None