scholarly journals Interrogating the bovine reproductive tract metagenomes using culture-independent approaches: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chian Teng Ong ◽  
Conny Turni ◽  
Patrick J. Blackall ◽  
Gry Boe-Hansen ◽  
Ben J. Hayes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genital Tract ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Male Genital Tract ◽  
Normal Microflora ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Reproductive Disease ◽  
Male Genital

AbstractUndesirable microbial infiltration into the female bovine reproductive tracts, for example during calving or mating, is likely to disturb the commensal microflora. Persistent establishment and overgrowth of certain pathogens induce reproductive diseases, render the female bovine reproductive tract unfavourable for pregnancy or can result in transmission to the foetus, leading to death and abortion or birth abnormalities. This review of culture-independent metagenomics studies revealed that normal microflora in the female bovine reproductive tract is reasonably consistently dominated by bacteria from the phyla Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, following by Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria and Tenericutes. Reproductive disease development in the female bovine reproductive tract was demonstrated across multiple studies to be associated with high relative abundances of bacteria from the phyla Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria. Reduced bacterial diversity in the reproductive tract microbiome in some studies of cows diagnosed with reproductive diseases also indicated an association between dysbiosis and bovine reproductive health. Nonetheless, the bovine genital tract microbiome remains underexplored, and this is especially true for the male genital tract. Future research should focus on the functional aspects of the bovine reproductive tract microbiomes, for example their contributions to cattle fertility and susceptibility towards reproductive diseases.

scholarly journals From Ancient to Emerging Infections: The Odyssey of Viruses in the Male Genital Tract

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 1349-1414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Le Tortorec ◽  
Giulia Matusali ◽  
Dominique Mahé ◽  
Florence Aubry ◽  
Séverine Mazaud-Guittot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genital Tract ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Peripheral Circulation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Emerging Infections ◽  
Male Genital Tract ◽  
Emerging Viruses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Male Genital

The male genital tract (MGT) is the target of a number of viral infections that can have deleterious consequences at the individual, offspring, and population levels. These consequences include infertility, cancers of male organs, transmission to the embryo/fetal development abnormalities, and sexual dissemination of major viral pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus. Lately, two emerging viruses, Zika and Ebola, have additionally revealed that the human MGT can constitute a reservoir for viruses cleared from peripheral circulation by the immune system, leading to their sexual transmission by cured men. This represents a concern for future epidemics and further underlines the need for a better understanding of the interplay between viruses and the MGT. We review here how viruses, from ancient viruses that integrated the germline during evolution through old viruses (e.g., papillomaviruses originating from Neanderthals) and more modern sexually transmitted infections (e.g., simian zoonotic HIV) to emerging viruses (e.g., Ebola and Zika) take advantage of genital tract colonization for horizontal dissemination, viral persistence, vertical transmission, and endogenization. The MGT immune responses to viruses and the impact of these infections are discussed. We summarize the latest data regarding the sources of viruses in semen and the complex role of this body fluid in sexual transmission. Finally, we introduce key animal findings that are relevant for our understanding of viral infection and persistence in the human MGT and suggest future research directions.

XX.—Studies on Reproduction in the Albino Mouse. III. The Duration of Life of Spermatozoa in the Female Reproductive Tract

1940 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 207-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo Merton
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Male Genital Tract ◽  
Exact Data ◽  
Female Genital ◽  
Male Genital

The method of artificial insemination in the mouse, which has been used successfully only once previously (Mark and Long, 1911), has made it possible to collect exact data on the duration of life and the fertilising capacity of spermatozoa in the female genital tract. Earlier results concerning the conditions under which spermatozoa from the male genital tract attain their maximum activity (Merton, II) and the exact knowledge of the time of parturition (Merton, I) were helpful in carrying out artificial insemination during the following œstrous period.

EFFECT OF HIGH DOSES OF OESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE ON THE NORADRENALINE CONTENT OF THE SHORT ADRENERGIC NEURONS INNERVATING THE MALE GENITAL TRACT OF THE RAT

1970 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ch. Owman ◽  
N.-O. Sjöberg ◽  
N. O. Sjöstrand ◽  
G. Swedin
Keyword(s):  
Genital Tract ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Prolonged Treatment ◽  
Noradrenaline Content ◽  
Adrenergic Neurons ◽  
Short Adrenergic Neurons ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Male Genital

ABSTRACT The effect of prolonged treatment with high doses of oestrogen and/or progesterone on the amount of adrenergic transmitter in the short adrenergic neurons of the male reproductive tract of castrated rats has been studied by chemical determinations and histochemical demonstration of noradrenaline. Oestrogen, progesterone, or a combination of both, had no overt effect on the total content or on the concentration of noradrenaline in the male genital organs. The results are discussed in the light of recent findings that the content of the noradrenaline transmitter in the short adrenergic neurons to the female genital tract is markedly influenced by these female sex hormones.

Poor penetration of the male genital tract by HIV-1 protease inhibitors

AIDS ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Taylor ◽  
David J. Back ◽  
Judith Workman ◽  
Susan M. Drake ◽  
David J. White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protease Inhibitors ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Male Genital Tract ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Male Genital

Male genital tract malformations associated with ipsilateral renal agenesis: Sonographic findings

1991 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Paul Trigaux ◽  
Bernard Van Beers ◽  
Francis Delchambre
Keyword(s):  
Genital Tract ◽  
Renal Agenesis ◽  
Male Genital Tract ◽  
Male Genital

MOUNTING EVIDENCE IN SUPPORT OF A HYPOTHESIS

2021 ◽  
pp. 217-218
Author(s):  
Skandhan KP ◽  
Chaitrali G ◽  
Prasad B.S
Keyword(s):  
Genital Tract ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Study Analysis ◽  
Male Genital Tract ◽  
Male Genital

Aim: A study analysis supporting reports on a hypothesis. Background: The function of epididymis is considered as responsible for making a meaningful motionless state for spermatozoa assuring sperms do not escape from male genital tract by its motility. A hypothesis stated repeated ejaculation shall lead to increase sperm count and motility. Review results: Studies showed frequent ejaculations done by men and similar studies conducted in animals support this hypothesis. Conclusion: This method should be benecial to at least patients whose sperm count and motility is less. Clinical signicance: when hypothesis is proved, clinician may advice this patients with oligozoospermia, oligoasthenozoospermia to follow repeated ejaculation instead of storing semen for several days as advised currently

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