Human microbiota. Friend? Enemy? Neighbors?

The review is dedicated to the modern ideas about the composition of the human intestinal microbiome, factors that determine the bacterial «landscape» and affect its activity. The main functions of normal microflora have been described, including intestinal motility, protection of intestinal barrier against pathogenic bacteria, parasites, intestinal epithelial regeneration, metabolic and immunological functions, participation in digestive processes, synthesis of amino acids and proteins, antibiotics, vitamins, hormonally active substances, promoting the absorption of minerals and nutrients, preventing the development of pathological conditions. Determination of intestinal microbiota expression of the innate immune system explains the role of microflora in chronic inflammation and diseases such as liver fibrosis, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular, neurodegeneration and cancer. A promising way is the use of microorganisms with beneficial properties (probiotics), the necessary substrate for them (prebiotics), their metabolites (metabiotics) and complexes of pro‑ and prebiotics (synbiotics) not only to restore and regulate the intestinal microflora, but also as therapeutic agents in some diseases, in particular during eradication therapy of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. The functions of some species and strains of beneficial bacteria have being discussed, in particular the strain Bacillus causii UBBC‑07, as well as the results of preclinical and clinical trials of its use at antibiotic‑associated diarrhea in the inhibition of Clostridium difficile. The issues of safety and facts of positive impact on human health of probiotic products of Probeez line (Organosyn Ltd.) are considered, which differ in the personification of appointments to certain segments of the population: Probeez®, Probeez® Femina, Probeez® Kids, Probeez® DUO and Probeez® Immuno contain successfully selected live probiotic bacteria. The available range of monocomponent (Probeez® with Kids, Probeez® DUO), multicomponent (Probeez®, Probeez® Femina) and synbiotic (Probeez® Immuno) products allows to choose the best option in specific conditions for their application not only in inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, but also in chronic disorders of other systems and organs.

Use of Bacillus Subtilis Probiotics as Non-Antibiotic Gut Modulator and Growth Promoter in Broiler Chickens

Wide range of Antibiotics is being used as feed additives in Animal industry in order to get rid from pathogens and as growth promoters in developing world. But after the suggested prohibition on using antibiotics, products such as probiotics are getting substantial importance in nutrition because of their non-resistant and non-residual possessions. Basic aim of the chapter is to highlight fruitful effects of Bacillus Subtilis as non-antibiotic gut modulator and growth promoter in broiler chickens. Probiotics are the living culture of microorganisms. They flourish in the gut of the host and fortify the growth of valuable commensals in the digestive tract by minimizing the destruction triggered by pathogens, boost up the immune system, supporting the integrity of the gut mucosa and maintain a stability and balance of normal microflora. Probiotics can be used as best substitute to conventional antimicrobial therapy. In addition, it has been observed that probiotics plays a role in growth enhancement by augmenting useful enzymes in the body and promote the growth of other normal commensals such as Lactobacillus and having effect on gut luminal pH. Probiotics are quite active against intestinal pathogens in several ways, viz. including improved immune elimination, competing for mucosal attachment, striving for crucial nutrients, or producing antimicrobial complexes contrary to numerous enteropathogens. It can be concluded that B. Subtilis has the ability to modulate gut and immune system histophysiology and histomorphology and can be used as safe antimicrobial candidate in poultry nutrition. Knowledge of such possessions of the B. Subtilis as probiotics and the mechanisms of action may enable the researchers to manipulate the use of such alternatives for better growth production, and safe and healthy poultry industry.

ANALYSIS OF THE CONTENTS OF THE PERIODONTAL POCKET IN CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS

Микрофлора человека - сложная саморегулирующая система, способная восстанавливаться при грамотной коррекции. Исследования последних лет показали, что нарушение нормального микробиоценоза полости рта растет из года в год и у жителей Российской Федерации превышает 90 %, вызывая при этом воспалительные заболевания в тканях пародонта, и, как правило, сопровождается дисбиозом полости рта, выраженность которого соответствует степени поражения пародонта. Одно из ведущих мест в развитии данной патологии занимает резидентная облигатно-анаэробная и микроаэрофильная микрофлора полости рта. Изучение микробиологического состава пародонтальных карманов (ПК) при воспалительных заболеваниях тканей пародонта (ВЗТП) имеет большое значение непосредственно для эффективного лечения и понимания патогенетических этапов этих заболеваний. Достаточно серьезной проблемой современной стоматологии как в нашей стране, так и за рубежом являются заболевания пародонта. Указанная патология снижает принятый ВОЗ критерий качества жизни и приводит к преждевременной потере зубов и представляет серьезную медицинскую, социальную и экономическую проблему. Первичным фактором, вызывающим поражение пародонта, являются бактерии зубного налета. Этиологическая структура инфекционных процессов в последнее десятилетие значительно изменилась, что связано с постоянной эволюцией микробов и вовлечением в патологический процесс условно-патогенных микробов, которые могут выступать в качестве комменсалов в составе нормальной микрофлоры и проявлять свою патогенность при снижении иммунного статуса организма The human microflora is a complex self-regulating system that can be restored with proper correction. Recent studies have shown that the violation of the normal microbiocenosis of the oral cavity increases from year to year and in the residents of the Russian Federation exceeds 90 %, causing inflammatory diseases in the periodontal tissues, and, as a rule, is accompanied by dysbiosis of the oral cavity, the severity of which corresponds to the degree of periodontal damage. One of the leading places in the development of this pathology is occupied by the resident obligate-anaerobic and microaerophilic microflora of the oral cavity. The study of the microbiological composition of periodontal pockets (PC) in inflammatory diseases of periodontal tissues (VSTP) is of great importance directly for the effective treatment and understanding of the pathogenetic stages of these diseases. Quite a serious problem of modern dentistry both in our country and abroad are periodontal diseases. This pathology reduces the WHO-accepted quality of life criterion and leads to premature tooth loss, and is a serious medical, social and economic problem. The primary factor that causes periodontal disease is plaque bacteria. The etiological structure of infectious processes has changed significantly in the last decade, which is due to the constant evolution of microbes and the involvement of conditionally pathogenic microbes in the pathological process, which can act as commensals in the normal microflora and show their pathogenicity with a decrease in the immune status of the body

The use of Decasan in the local treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases of the tonsils

The local sanitation in 40 patients with recurrent tonsillitis was carried out, using Decasan for washing of the lacunae of the palatine tonsils. Clinical observations and bacteriological studies have shown greater efficacy of Decasan in relation to the main pathogens of the tonsillar lacunae, compared to antibiotic solutions traditionally used for washing. Decasan is a highly effective and safe antiseptic for local treatment of patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the tonsils, contributing to the restoration of local biocenosis, which is confirmed by an increase in the plaiting of normal microflora from the surface of the tonsillar lacunae.

Periodontal Diseases: Major Exacerbators of Pulmonary Diseases?

Periodontal diseases are a range of polymicrobial infectious disorders, such as gingivitis and periodontitis, which affect tooth-supporting tissues and are linked to playing a role in the exacerbation of several pulmonary diseases. Pulmonary diseases, such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, tuberculosis, COVID-19, and bronchiectasis, significantly contribute to poor quality of life and mortality. The association between periodontal disease and pulmonary outcomes is an important topic and requires further attention. Numerous resident microorganisms coexist in the oral cavity and lungs. However, changes in the normal microflora due to oral disease, old age, lifestyle habits, or dental intervention may contribute to altered aspiration of oral periodontopathic bacteria into the lungs and changing inflammatory responses. Equally, periodontal diseases are associated with the longitudinal decline in spirometry lung volume. Several studies suggest a possible beneficial effect of periodontal therapy in improving lung function with a decreased frequency of exacerbations and reduced risk of adverse respiratory events and morbidity. Here, we review the current literature outlining the link between the oral cavity and pulmonary outcomes and focus on the microflora of the oral cavity, environmental and genetic factors, and preexisting conditions that can impact oral and pulmonary outcomes.

The state of the oral microflora in patients with systemic sclerosis

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) can lead to pathological changes in the maxillofacial region, contributing to the violation of the microbiocenosis of the oral cavity with a predominance of pathogenic microflora.Objective: to study the composition of the oral microflora in patients with SSc. Patients and methods. The composition of the oral microflora was studied in 50 patients with SSc. The control group consisted of 50 subjects without rheumatic diseases. To assess the intensity of dental caries and the level of oral hygiene we used dental indices: the index of caries intensity (Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) and the hygienic index (OHI-S).Results and discussion. Microbiological examination in patients with SSc revealed pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans > 10-6 CFU in equal percentage of cases (18.9%), which was significantly more frequent than in the control group (p=0.049). In the oral cavity in SSc, there were no representatives of normal microflora (lactobacilli). In patients with SSc, the DMFT index was 17.8±7.1 on average, and OHI-S – 2.3±0.7, which corresponds to a very high level of caries intensity and low indicators of oral hygiene, respectively. When analyzing the microflora of the oral cavity in 90% of cases, a dysbiotic shift of the 3rd degree was stated.Conclusion. It can hypothesized that the qualitative and quantitative composition of the microflora of the oral cavity affects the development and severity of inflammatory and destructive pathology of the periodontal and oral mucosa. It is necessary to develop and implement an adapted personal hygiene regimen, including cleansing of the tongue and administration of local probiotics, which, as part of complex therapy, can improve the results of SSc treatment.

Composition of the conjunctive microflora of the patients before outbulatory cataract surgery

Purpose. Study of the composition of the conjunctival cavity in healthy patients before elective outpatient cataract surgery. Material and methods. The contents of the conjunctival cavity were examined in 30 patients who were admitted to the ophthalmological departments of the Kirov Clinical Ophthalmological Hospital for the surgical treatment of cataracts as planned. Results. The growth of microflora was detected in 100% of the studied patients when examining crops from the conjunctiva. Most of the identified microorganisms are representatives of the normal microflora of the human skin and mucous membranes. Conclusion. 1. The structure of the conjunctival microflora in patients before elective cataract surgery has a wide spectrum – aerobes (Staphilococcus aureus, Staphilococcus epidermidis) and anaerobes (Propionibacterium granulosum), gram-positive (Corinebacterium spp.) and gram-negative (Klebsiella sp., E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) microorganisms, as well as fungi of the genus Candida. 2. The most common representatives of the conjunctival cavity microflora are Candida fungi (72.4%), E. coli (65.5%), Enterococcus sp. (55.2%), Klebsiella sp. (55.2%), Strp.pyogenes (51.7%), which should be taken into account when prescribing antibacterial therapy in the pre – and postoperative period. Key words: cataract surgery, conjunctival microflora.

OPTIMIZATION OF TREATMENT OF TUBAL-PERITONEAL INFERTILITY CAUSED BY CHRONIC SALPINGITIS

The outpatient stage of therapy is the primary and very responsible link in the introduction of patients with chronic forms of VZOMT, since this pathology has a significant impact on such indicators as perinatal, maternal morbidity and mortality. In addition, VZOMT directly affects the development of infertility, ectopic pregnancy, habitual miscarriage, as well as a decrease in the ovarian reserve after unsuccessful attempts of in vitro fertilization, surgical interventions on the appendages of the uterus. To preserve the reproductive function in patients with VZOMT, an important stage is the implementation of a number of therapeutic and rehabilitation measures. The problems of treatment and rehabilitation of patients with VZOMT undoubtedly remain relevant, since cases of relapses and chronization of inflammatory processes significantly worsen the prognosis for a woman's reproductive function. These problems are both social and economic. Taking into account the wide range of infectious agents of VZOMT, it is recommended to use a complex of antibacterial drugs that cover as many varieties of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic flora as possible. Moreover, an important aspect of the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the female reproductive system is the use of different forms of drugs and ways of their administration. It is rational to combine oral or parenteral with intravaginal. This combination makes it possible to increase the effectiveness of treatment and contributes to the prevention of relapse of the disease. The inclusion of prednisolone – 21 phosphate in the therapy complex also contributes to increasing the effectiveness of therapy, since it creates favorable conditions for the vital activity of normal microflora and unfavorable conditions for conditionally pathogenic microflora. The results obtained in the study indicate a good clinical effectiveness of complex therapy with the inclusion of Elzhina in the treatment regimen for the treatment of fibrotic processes in the fallopian tubes. The use of a combined drug for intravaginal use containing ornidazole-500 mg, prednisolone-3 mg, econazole-150 mg, neomycin 65000ME (Elzhina drug) allows optimizing the management tactics of patients with tubal – peritoneal infertility caused by chronic salpingitis and increasing the fertility rates in this group of patients.

The state of the resident intestinal microbial association and its relationship with concentrations of dioxins in blood lipids of firefighters

Relevance. Career firefighters are involved in extreme activities, and their functional reserves are probabilistically disturbed. Toxic products of combustion can significantly affect their health state.Intention – To analyze and evaluate effects of blood lipid dioxins on the microbiome of the parietal intestinal flora in firefighters of the Federal Fire Service of the Emercom of Russia.Methodology. Relationships between the microbiota composition and concentrations of blood lipid dioxins were analyzed in firefighters vs Emercom employees not involved in firefighting (control group).Results and Discussion. Microbiota concentrations in firefighters were associated with levels of blood lipid dioxins. In firefighters with dioxins > 350 pg/g lipids in the blood, normal microflora concentrations significantly decreased and conditionally pathogenic microflora concentrations significantly increased compared to firefighters with lower concentrations of dioxins and the control group.Conclusion. Disturbances in the microbiome of the parietal intestinal flora in the examined firefighters are related to exposure to toxic products of combustion, including dioxins, during firefighting. The microbiome disorders detected in firefighters can predict development of the digestive tract pathology, thus necessitating control and targeted correction of the somatic state and microecological status of this contingent.

Septicemia caused by Micrococcus luteus. Example of a clinical case

Micrococcus luteus is a representative of normal microflora of the human skin, which is commonly localized on open surfaces of the body. Dissemination of the agent with disease development is possible if intactness of the skin is impaired. Aim of the paper – to present a clinical case of septicemia caused by Micrococcus luteus.Results. A clinical case of septicemia, caused by Micrococcus luteus, in a 39-year-old patient treated in an inpatient department of Infectious Diseases Communal Clinical Hospital in Lviv. Conclusion. A presented clinical case demonstrates a severe course of septicemia caused by Micrococcus luteus with involvement of internal organs in the process, in particular, accompaniment of community-acquired left-sided pneumonia, exudative pleurisy, pericarditis, and meningitis. Although antibacterial therapy was prescribed to this patient on admission to an inpatient department, the result in treatment could be achieved only after thorough additional examination of the patient, conduction of proper bacteriological tests and determination of sensitivity of the agent to antibacterial medicines.