scholarly journals Protease inhibitor monotherapy is effective in controlling human immunodeficiency virus 1 shedding in the male genital tract

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 98.e7-98.e10 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Torres-Cornejo ◽  
O.J. BenMarzouk-Hidalgo ◽  
P. Viciana ◽  
B. Sánchez ◽  
M.A. López-Ruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Protease Inhibitor ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Male Genital Tract ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Protease Inhibitor Monotherapy ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 ◽  
Male Genital

Male Genital Tract Compartmentalization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV)

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Diem ◽  
David C. Nickle ◽  
Alexis Motoshige ◽  
Alan Fox ◽  
Susan Ross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Male Genital Tract ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Male Genital

scholarly journals Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Populations in Blood and Semen

1998 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 617-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric L. Delwart ◽  
James I. Mullins ◽  
Phalguni Gupta ◽  
Gerald H. Learn ◽  
Mark Holodniy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
V3 Loop ◽  
Male Genital Tract ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Male Genital

ABSTRACT Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) usually results in outgrowth of viruses with macrophage-tropic phenotype and consensus non-syncytium-inducing (NSI) V3 loop sequences, despite the presence of virus with broader host range and the syncytium-inducing (SI) phenotype in the blood of many donors. We examined proviruses in contemporaneous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and nonspermatozoal semen mononuclear cells (NSMC) of five HIV-1-infected individuals to determine if this preferential outgrowth could be due to compartmentalization and thus preferential transmission of viruses of the NSI phenotype from the male genital tract. Phylogenetic reconstructions of ∼700-bp sequences covering the second constant region through the fifth variable region (C2 to V5) of the viral envelope gene revealed distinct variant populations in the blood versus the semen in two patients with AIDS and in one asymptomatic individual (patient 613), whereas similar variant populations were found in both compartments in two other asymptomatic individuals. Variants with amino acids in the V3 loop that predict the SI phenotype were found in both AIDS patients and in patient 613; however, the distribution of these variants between the two compartments was not consistent. SI variants were found only in the PBMC of one AIDS patient but only in the NSMC of the other, while they were found in both compartments in patient 613. It is therefore unlikely that restriction of SI variants from the male genital tract accounts for the observed NSI transmission bias. Furthermore, no evidence for a semen-specific signature amino acid sequence was detected.

scholarly journals Semen-Specific Genetic Characteristics of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 env

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 1734-1742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satish K. Pillai ◽  
Benjamin Good ◽  
Sergei Kosakovsky Pond ◽  
Joseph K. Wong ◽  
Matt C. Strain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Male Genital Tract ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Male Genital

ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in the male genital tract may comprise virus produced locally in addition to virus transported from the circulation. Virus produced in the male genital tract may be genetically distinct, due to tissue-specific cellular characteristics and immunological pressures. HIV-1 env sequences derived from paired blood and semen samples from the Los Alamos HIV Sequence Database were analyzed to ascertain a male genital tract-specific viral signature. Machine learning algorithms could predict seminal tropism based on env sequences with accuracies exceeding 90%, suggesting that a strong genetic signature does exist for virus replicating in the male genital tract. Additionally, semen-derived viral populations exhibited constrained diversity (P < 0.05), decreased levels of positive selection (P < 0.025), decreased CXCR4 coreceptor utilization, and altered glycosylation patterns. Our analysis suggests that the male genital tract represents a distinct selective environment that contributes to the apparent genetic bottlenecks associated with the sexual transmission of HIV-1.

scholarly journals Brain Perfusion, Regional Volumes, and Cognitive Function in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–positive Patients Treated With Protease Inhibitor Monotherapy

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1031-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis J Haddow ◽  
Claudia Godi ◽  
Magdalena Sokolska ◽  
M Jorge Cardoso ◽  
Ruth Oliver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Protease Inhibitor ◽  
Brain Perfusion ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Protease Inhibitor Monotherapy

scholarly journals Cervicovaginal Levels of Lactoferrin, Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor, and RANTES and the Effects of Coexisting Vaginoses in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Seronegative Women with a High Risk of Heterosexual Acquisition of HIV Infection

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 1102-1107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Novak ◽  
Betty A. Donoval ◽  
Parrie J. Graham ◽  
Lucy A. Boksa ◽  
Gregory Spear ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Protease Inhibitor ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
High Risk Women ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT Innate immune factors in mucosal secretions may influence human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission. This study examined the levels of three such factors, genital tract lactoferrin [Lf], secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor [SLPI], and RANTES, in women at risk for acquiring HIV infection, as well as cofactors that may be associated with their presence. Women at high risk for HIV infection meeting established criteria (n = 62) and low-risk controls (n = 33) underwent cervicovaginal lavage (CVL), and the CVL fluid samples were assayed for Lf and SLPI. Subsets of 26 and 10 samples, respectively, were assayed for RANTES. Coexisting sexually transmitted infections and vaginoses were also assessed, and detailed behavioral information was collected. Lf levels were higher in high-risk (mean, 204 ng/ml) versus low-risk (mean, 160 ng/ml, P = 0.007) women, but SLPI levels did not differ, and RANTES levels were higher in only the highest-risk subset. Lf was positively associated only with the presence of leukocytes in the CVL fluid (P < 0.0001). SLPI levels were lower in women with bacterial vaginosis [BV] than in those without BV (P = 0.04). Treatment of BV reduced RANTES levels (P = 0.05). The influence, if any, of these three cofactors on HIV transmission in women cannot be determined from this study. The higher Lf concentrations observed in high-risk women were strongly associated with the presence of leukocytes, suggesting a leukocyte source and consistent with greater genital tract inflammation in the high-risk group. Reduced SLPI levels during BV infection are consistent with an increased risk of HIV infection, which has been associated with BV. However, the increased RANTES levels in a higher-risk subset of high-risk women were reduced after BV treatment.

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