An improvement in wavefield extrapolation and imaging condition to suppress reverse time migration artifacts

Geophysics ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. S403-S409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzad Moradpouri ◽  
Ali Moradzadeh ◽  
Reynam Pestana ◽  
Reza Ghaedrahmati ◽  
Mehrdad Soleimani Monfared

Reverse time migration (RTM) as a full wave equation method can image steeply dipping structures incorporating all waves without dip limitation. It causes a set of low-frequency artifacts that start to appear for reflection angles larger than 60°. These artifacts are known as the major concern in RTM method. We are first to attempt to formulate a scheme called the leapfrog-rapid expansion method to extrapolate the wavefields and their first derivatives. We have evaluated a new imaging condition, based on the Poynting vectors, to suppress the RTM artifacts. The Poynting vectors information is used to separate the wavefields to their downgoing and upgoing components that form the first part of our imaging condition. The Poynting vector information is also used to calculate the reflection angles as a basis for our weighting function as the second part of the aforementioned imaging condition. Actually, the weighting function is applied to have the most likely desired information and to suppress the artifacts for the angle range of 61°–90°. This is achieved by dividing the angle range to a triplet domain from 61° to 70°, 71° to 80°, and 81° to 90°, where each part has the weight of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text], respectively. It is interesting to note that, besides suppressing the artifacts, the weighting function also has the capability to preserve crosscorrelation from the real reflecting points in the angle range of 61°–90°. Finally, we tested the new RTM procedure by the BP synthetic model and a real data set for the North Sea. The obtained results indicate the efficiency of the procedure to suppress the RTM artifacts in producing high-quality, highly illuminated depth-migrated image including all steeply dipping geologic structures.

Geophysics ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. S29-S39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faqi Liu ◽  
Guanquan Zhang ◽  
Scott A. Morton ◽  
Jacques P. Leveille

Reverse-time migration (RTM) exhibits great superiority over other imaging algorithms in handling steeply dipping structures and complicated velocity models. However, low-frequency, high-amplitude noises commonly seen in a typical RTM image have been one of the major concerns because they can seriously contaminate the signals in the image if they are not handled properly. We propose a new imaging condition to effectively and efficiently eliminate these specific noises from the image. The method works by first decomposing the source and receiver wavefields to their one-way propagation components, followed by applying a correlation-based imaging condition to the appropriate combinations of the decomposed wavefields. We first give the physical explanation of the principle of such noises in the conventional RTM image. Then we provide the detailed mathematical theory for the new imaging condition. Finally, we propose an efficient scheme for its numerical implementation. It replaces the computationally intensive decomposition with the cost-effective Hilbert transform, which significantly improves the efficiency of the imaging condition. Applications to various synthetic and real data sets demonstrate that this new imaging condition can effectively remove the undesired low-frequency noises in the image.


2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 287
Author(s):  
Protásio Nery Andrade ◽  
Reynam Cruz Pestana ◽  
Daniel E. Revelo

ABSTRACT.  This paper proposes and describes the implementation of a new depth migration method in the frequency domain. The method, based in the reverse time migration (RTM) technique, extrapolates wavefields from the source and receivers to obtain migrated seismic images that are built directly into the frequency domain. In the proposed method, wavefields are propagated in the time domain and are then transformed into the frequency domain at each time extrapolation step through the discrete Fourier transform. Neither the forward nor backward wavefield is needed to be stored in memory or read from disk storage. To speed up the migration algorithm, the discrete Fourier transform kernel for each frequency is computed and salved before the time extrapolation procedure. At the imaging condition phase, both source and receiver wavefields are at the same frequency, so that, the construction of the image occurs by multiplying the forward source propagated wavefield with the backward propagated of the receivers wavefield for each frequency component. Subsequently, saving the source field at each step to later correlate it with the backpropagated receiver wave field, usually done in conventional RTM, becomes unnecessary. Nor is it necessary to invert a matrix for each frequency component, which is done in the migration technique that uses the Helmholtz equation solution in the frequency domain. Thus, the migration procedure in the frequency domain being proposed is more efficient from a computational point of view, and can also produce high quality migrated images as those produced by conventional RTM. The rapid expansion method (REM) is used for seismic forward modeling, which extrapolated data with good precision and free of numerical dispersion. Thus, with the transformed data at each step in the frequency domain, it is possible to construct high quality, in-depth seismic images at a lower computational cost. Moreover, this frequency domain migration with REM is an atractive strategy to design robust inverse algorithms, especially for 3D problems. To demonstrate the efficiency and applicability of the proposed method, two synthetic models were used and their results showed high quality images equivalent to those obtained by conventional RTM and thus proving the vality of the method. Keywords: wave equation migration, depth migration, imaging condition, frequency domain migration. RESUMO. Um método de migração em profundidade no domínio da frequência é proposto e implementado. O método consiste na extrapolação dos campos de ondas da fonte e dos receptores e baseia-se na técnica de migração reversa no tempo (da sigla em inglês, RTM), obtendo imagens sísmicas migradas, construídas diretamente no domínio da frequência. No método que estamos propondo, os campos de ondas são propagados no domínio do tempo e a cada passo de extrapolação são transformados para o domínio da frequência, através da transformada de Fourier discreta (do inglês, on-the-fly transform). Para acelerar o algoritmo de migração, o kernel da transformada de Fourier é calculado fora do loop do tempo. Além disso, na etapa de condição da imagem, os campos de onda, tanto da fonte como dos receptores, são calculados no mesmo instante de tempo, ou seja, a construção da imagem se dá através da multiplicação do campo de onda da fonte com o campo retropropagado dos receptores, para cada componente de frequência. Portanto, não precisamos salvar o campo da fonte a cada passo no tempo para posteriormente correlacionar com o campo de onda retropropagado dos receptores, como é usualmente feito na RTM convencional, nem é preciso inverter uma matriz para cada componente de frequência, como é realizado normalmente pela técnica de migração no domínio da frequência, utilizando a solução da equação de Helmholtz. Desta forma, o procedimento de migração no domínio da frequência que estamos propondo se torna mais eficiente do ponto de vista computacional, podendo produzir imagens migradas de alta qualidade, quando comparadas às obtidas através da RTM convencional no domínio do tempo. Para a extrapolação dos campos de ondas no tempo foi empregado o método de expansão rápida (da sigla em inglês, REM), que permite a extrapolação dos dados com boa precisão e livres de dispersão numérica. Desta forma, com os dados transformados para o domínio da frequência, a cada passo no tempo, é possível a construção de imagens sísmicas em profundidade de boa qualidade e a um menor custo computacional. Para demonstrar a eficiência e aplicabilidade do método proposto, dois modelos sintéticos foram usados e seus resultados apresentaram imagens de alta qualidade equivalentes às obtidas pela RTM convencional. Palavras-chave: equação de migração da onda, migração, condição de imagem, migração no domínio da frequência.


2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 894-912
Author(s):  
Feipeng Li ◽  
Jinghuai Gao ◽  
Zhaoqi Gao ◽  
Xiudi Jiang ◽  
Wenbo Sun

Abstract Reverse time migration (RTM) has shown a significant advantage over other imaging algorithms for imaging complex subsurface structures. However, low-wavenumber noise severely contaminates the image, which is one of the main issues in the RTM algorithm. To attenuate the undesired low-wavenumber noise, the causal imaging condition based on wavefield decomposition has been proposed. First, wavefield decompositions are performed to separate the wavefields as up-going and down-going wave components, respectively. Then, to preserve causality, it constructs images by correlating wave components that propagate in different directions. We build a causal imaging condition in this paper. Not only does it consider the up/down wavefield decomposition, but it also applies the decomposition on the horizontal direction to enhance the image quality especially for steeply dipping structures. The wavefield decomposition is conventionally achieved by the frequency-wavenumber (F-K) transform that is very computationally intensive compared with the wave propagation process of the RTM algorithm. To improve the efficiency of the algorithm, we propose a fast implementation to perform wavefield separation using the discrete Hilbert transform via the Graphics Processing Unit. Numerical tests on both the synthetic models and a real data example demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and the efficiency of the optimized implementation scheme. This new imaging condition shows its ability to produce high image quality when applied to both the RTM stack image and also the angle domain common image gathers. The comparison of the total elapsed time for different methods verifies the efficiency of the optimized algorithm.


Geophysics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. S401-S409
Author(s):  
Hong Liang ◽  
Houzhu Zhang

Reverse time migration (RTM) is implemented by solving the two-way wave equation using recorded data as boundary conditions. The full wave equation can simulate wave propagation in all directions; thus, RTM has no dip limitations and is capable of imaging complex structures. Because wavefields are allowed to travel in all directions, the source and receiver wavefields can be scattered back from strong velocity contrasts. The crosscorrelation of head waves, diving waves, and backscattered waves along a raypath can lead to strong artifacts in the RTM image. These artifacts degrade the final image quality. An inversion-based imaging condition that computes the weighted sum of a time derivative image and a spatial gradient image can significantly reduce the RTM artifacts. Based on the multiscale directional selectivity property of the wavelet transform, we have developed a new method to compute the weighting function for the inversion-based imaging condition in the wavelet domain. The unique property of this approach is that the weighting function depends on the spatial locations, wavenumber, and local directions. This multidimensional property allows us to selectively remove the RTM image artifacts while preserving useful energy. We determine the effectiveness of our method for attenuating RTM artifacts using synthetic examples.


Geophysics ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. S1-S9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yibo Wang ◽  
Xu Chang ◽  
Hao Hu

Prestack reverse time migration (RTM) is usually regarded as an accurate imaging tool and has been widely used in exploration. Conventional RTM only uses primaries and treats free-surface related multiples as noise; however, free-surface related multiples can sometimes provide extra illumination of the subsurface, and this information could be used in migration procedures. There are many migration methods using free-surface related multiples, but most approaches need to predict multiples, which is time consuming and prone to error. We discovered a new RTM approach that uses the primaries and the free-surface related multiples simultaneously. Compared with migration methods that only use free-surface related multiples, the proposed approach can provide comparable migration results and does not need multiple predictions. In our approach, the source function in conventional RTM was replaced with recorded field data including primaries and free-surface related multiples, together with a synthetic wavelet; the back-propagated primaries in the conventional RTM were replaced with complete recorded field data. The imaging condition of the proposed approach was the same as the crosscorrelation imaging condition of conventional RTM. A three-layer velocity model with scatterers and the Sigsbee 2B synthetic data set were used for numerical experiments. The numerical results showed that the proposed approach can cover a wider range of the subsurface and provide better illumination compared with conventional RTM. The proposed approach was easy to implement and avoided tedious multiple prediction; it might be significant for general complex subsurface imaging.


Geophysics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. S341-S353
Author(s):  
Daniel E. Revelo ◽  
Reynam C. Pestana

The separation of up- and downgoing wavefields is an important technique in the processing of multicomponent recorded data, propagating wavefields, and reverse time migration (RTM). Most of the previous methods for separating up/down propagating wavefields can be grouped according to their implementation strategy: a requirement to save time steps to perform Fourier transform over time or construction of the analytical wavefield through a solution of the wave equation twice (one for the source and another for the Hilbert-transformed source), in which both strategies have a high computational cost. For computing the analytical wavefield, we are proposing an alternative method based on the first-order partial equation in time and by just solving the wave equation once. Our strategy improves the computation of wavefield separation, and it can bring the causal imaging condition into practice. For time extrapolation, we are using the rapid expansion method to compute the wavefield and its first-order time derivative and then we can compute the analytical wavefield. By computing the analytical wavefield, we can, therefore, separate the wavefield into up- and downgoing components for each time step in an explicit way. Applications to synthetic models indicate that our method allows performing the wavefield decomposition similarly to the conventional method, as well as a potential application for the 3D case. For RTM applications, we can now use the causal imaging condition for several synthetic examples. Acoustic RTM up/down decomposition demonstrates that it can successfully remove the low-frequency noise, which is common in the typical crosscorrelation imaging condition, and it is usually removed by applying a Laplacian filter. Moreover, our method is efficient in terms of computational time when compared to RTM using an analytical wavefield computed by two propagations, and it is a little more costly than conventional RTM using the crosscorrelation imaging condition.


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