Wavelet-domain reverse time migration image enhancement using inversion-based imaging condition

Geophysics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. S401-S409
Author(s):  
Hong Liang ◽  
Houzhu Zhang

Reverse time migration (RTM) is implemented by solving the two-way wave equation using recorded data as boundary conditions. The full wave equation can simulate wave propagation in all directions; thus, RTM has no dip limitations and is capable of imaging complex structures. Because wavefields are allowed to travel in all directions, the source and receiver wavefields can be scattered back from strong velocity contrasts. The crosscorrelation of head waves, diving waves, and backscattered waves along a raypath can lead to strong artifacts in the RTM image. These artifacts degrade the final image quality. An inversion-based imaging condition that computes the weighted sum of a time derivative image and a spatial gradient image can significantly reduce the RTM artifacts. Based on the multiscale directional selectivity property of the wavelet transform, we have developed a new method to compute the weighting function for the inversion-based imaging condition in the wavelet domain. The unique property of this approach is that the weighting function depends on the spatial locations, wavenumber, and local directions. This multidimensional property allows us to selectively remove the RTM image artifacts while preserving useful energy. We determine the effectiveness of our method for attenuating RTM artifacts using synthetic examples.

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael L. de Araújo ◽  
Reynam Da C. Pestana

ABSTRACT. Within the seismic method, in order to obtain an accurate image, it is necessary to use some processing techniques, among them the seismic migration. The reverse time migration (RTM) uses the complete wave equation, which implicitly includes multiple arrivals, can image all dips and, therefore, makes it possible to image complex structures. However, its application on 3D pre-stack data is still restricted due to the enormous computational effort required. With recent technological advances and faster computers, 3D pre-stack RTM is being used to address the imaging challenges posed by sub-salt and other complex subsurface targets. Thus, in order to balance processing cost and with image’s quality and confiability, different numeric methods are used to compute the migration. This work presents two different ways of performing the reverse time migration using the complete wave equation: RTMby interpolation and by the pseudo-analytical method. The first migrates the data with different constant velocities and interpolate the results, while the second uses modifications in the computation of the Laplacian operator inorder to improve the finite difference scheme used to approximate the second-order time derivative, making it possible to propagate the wave field stably even using larger time steps. The method’s applicability was tested by the migration of two-dimensional pre- and pos-stack synthetic datasets, the SEG/EAGE salt model and the Marmousi model. A real pre-stack data from the Gulf of Mexico was migrated successfully and is also presented. Through the numerical examples the applicabilityand robustness of these methods were proved and it was also showed that they can extrapolate wavefields with a much larger time step than commonly used.Keywords: acoustic wave equation, seismic migration, reverse time migration, pseudo-spectral method, pseudo-analytical method, pseudo-Laplacian operator. RESUMO. No método sísmico, a fim de se obter uma imagem precisa, faz-se necessário o uso de técnicas de processamento, entre elas a migração sísmica.A migração reversa no tempo (RTM) empregada aqui não é um conceito novo. Ela usa a equação completa da onda, implicitamente inclui múltiplas chegadas, consegue imagear todos os mergulhos e, assim, possibilita o imageamento de estruturas complexas. Porém, sua aplicação em problemas 3D pré-empilhamento continua endo restrita por conta do grande esforço computacional requerido. Mas, recentemente, com o avanço tecnológico e computadores mais rápidos, a migração 3D pré-empilhamento tem sido aplicada, especialmente, em problemas de difícil imageamento, como o de estruturas complexas em regiões de pré-sal. Assim, com o intuito de equilibrar o custo de processamento com a qualidade e confiabilidade da imagem obtida, são utilizados diferentes métodos numéricos para computar a migração. Este trabalho apresenta duas diferentes maneiras de se realizar a migração reversa no tempo partindo da solução exata da equação completa da onda: RTM por interpolação e pelo método pseudo-analítico. No método de interpolação, a migração é aplicada utilizando-se várias velocidades constantes, seguido de um procedimento de interpolação para obter a imagem migrada através da composição das imagens computadas a partir dessas velocidades constantes. Já no método pseudo-analítico, introduz-se modificações no cálculo do operador Laplaciano visando melhorar a aproximação da derivada segunda no tempo, que são feitas por esquemas de diferenças finitas de segunda ordem, possibilitando assim propagar o campo de onda de forma estável usando-se passos maiores no tempo. A aplicabilidadedas metodologias foi testada por meio da migração de dados bidimensionais sintéticos pré e pós-empilhamento, o modelo de domo de sal da SEG/EAGE e o modelo Marmousi. Um dado real bidimensional, adquirido no Golfo do México não empilhado, também, foi usado e migrado com sucesso. Assim, através desses exemplos numéricos, mostra-se a aplicabilidade e a robustez desses novos métodos de migração reversa no tempo no imageamento de estruturas complexas com os campos de ondas propagados com passos maiores no tempo do que os usados comumente.Palavras-chave: equação da onda, migração sísmica, migração reversa no tempo, método pseudo-espectral, método pseudo-analítico, operador pseudo-Laplaciano.


Geophysics ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. S403-S409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzad Moradpouri ◽  
Ali Moradzadeh ◽  
Reynam Pestana ◽  
Reza Ghaedrahmati ◽  
Mehrdad Soleimani Monfared

Reverse time migration (RTM) as a full wave equation method can image steeply dipping structures incorporating all waves without dip limitation. It causes a set of low-frequency artifacts that start to appear for reflection angles larger than 60°. These artifacts are known as the major concern in RTM method. We are first to attempt to formulate a scheme called the leapfrog-rapid expansion method to extrapolate the wavefields and their first derivatives. We have evaluated a new imaging condition, based on the Poynting vectors, to suppress the RTM artifacts. The Poynting vectors information is used to separate the wavefields to their downgoing and upgoing components that form the first part of our imaging condition. The Poynting vector information is also used to calculate the reflection angles as a basis for our weighting function as the second part of the aforementioned imaging condition. Actually, the weighting function is applied to have the most likely desired information and to suppress the artifacts for the angle range of 61°–90°. This is achieved by dividing the angle range to a triplet domain from 61° to 70°, 71° to 80°, and 81° to 90°, where each part has the weight of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text], respectively. It is interesting to note that, besides suppressing the artifacts, the weighting function also has the capability to preserve crosscorrelation from the real reflecting points in the angle range of 61°–90°. Finally, we tested the new RTM procedure by the BP synthetic model and a real data set for the North Sea. The obtained results indicate the efficiency of the procedure to suppress the RTM artifacts in producing high-quality, highly illuminated depth-migrated image including all steeply dipping geologic structures.


2013 ◽  
Vol 868 ◽  
pp. 11-14
Author(s):  
Jia Jia Yang ◽  
Bing Shou He ◽  
Jian Zhong Zhang

Based on the elastic wave equation, high-order finite-difference schemes for reverse-time extrapolation in the space of staggered grid and the perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary condition for the equation are derived. Prestack reverse-time depth migration (RTM) of elastic wave equation using the excitation time imaging condition and normalized cross-correlation imaging condition is carried out. Numerical experiments show that reverse-time migration is not limited for the angle of incidence and dramatic changes in lateral velocity. The reverse-time migration results of normalized cross-correlation imaging condition give the better effect than that of excitation time imaging condition.


Geophysics ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. S151-S163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Rocha ◽  
Nicolay Tanushev ◽  
Paul Sava

Wavefield energy can be measured by the so-called energy norm. We have extended the concept of “norm” to obtain the energy inner product between two related wavefields. Considering an imaging condition as an inner product between the source and receiver wavefields at each spatial location, we have developed a new imaging condition that represents the total reflection energy. Investigating this imaging condition further, we have found that it accounts for wavefield directionality in space time. Based on the directionality discrimination provided by this imaging condition, we have applied it to attenuate backscattering artifacts in reverse time migration (RTM). This imaging condition can be designed not only to attenuate backscattering artifacts, but also to attenuate any selected reflection angle. By exploiting the flexibility of this imaging condition for attenuating certain angles, we have developed a procedure to preserve the type of events that propagate along the same path, i.e., backscattered, diving, and head waves, leading to a suitable application for full-waveform- inversion (FWI). This application involves filtering the FWI gradient to preserve the tomographic term (waves propagating in the same path) and attenuate the migration term (reflections) of the gradient. We have developed the energy imaging condition applications for RTM and FWI using numerical experiments in simple (horizontal reflector) and complex models (Sigsbee and Marmousi).


2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Guillermo Paniagua Castrillón ◽  
Olga Lucia Quintero Montoya ◽  
Daniel Sierra-Sosa

ABSTRACT. Reverse time migration (RTM) solves the acoustic or elastic wave equation by means of the extrapolation from source and receiver wavefield in time. A migrated image is obtained by applying a criteria known as imaging condition. The cross-correlation between source and receiver wavefields is the commonly used imaging condition. However, this imaging condition produces...Keywords: Laguerre-Gauss transform, zero-lag cross-correlation, seismic migration, imaging condition. RESUMO. A migração reversa no tempo (RTM) resolve a equação de onda acústica ou elástica por meio da extrapolação a partir do campo de onda da fonte e do receptor no tempo. Uma imagem migrada é obtida aplicando um critério conhecido como condição de imagem. A correlação cruzada entre campos de onda de fonte e receptor é a condição de imagem comumente usada. No entanto, esta condição de imagem...Palavras-chave: Transformação de Laguerre-Gauss, correlação cruzada atraso zero, migração sísmica, condição de imagem.


Geophysics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. S341-S353
Author(s):  
Daniel E. Revelo ◽  
Reynam C. Pestana

The separation of up- and downgoing wavefields is an important technique in the processing of multicomponent recorded data, propagating wavefields, and reverse time migration (RTM). Most of the previous methods for separating up/down propagating wavefields can be grouped according to their implementation strategy: a requirement to save time steps to perform Fourier transform over time or construction of the analytical wavefield through a solution of the wave equation twice (one for the source and another for the Hilbert-transformed source), in which both strategies have a high computational cost. For computing the analytical wavefield, we are proposing an alternative method based on the first-order partial equation in time and by just solving the wave equation once. Our strategy improves the computation of wavefield separation, and it can bring the causal imaging condition into practice. For time extrapolation, we are using the rapid expansion method to compute the wavefield and its first-order time derivative and then we can compute the analytical wavefield. By computing the analytical wavefield, we can, therefore, separate the wavefield into up- and downgoing components for each time step in an explicit way. Applications to synthetic models indicate that our method allows performing the wavefield decomposition similarly to the conventional method, as well as a potential application for the 3D case. For RTM applications, we can now use the causal imaging condition for several synthetic examples. Acoustic RTM up/down decomposition demonstrates that it can successfully remove the low-frequency noise, which is common in the typical crosscorrelation imaging condition, and it is usually removed by applying a Laplacian filter. Moreover, our method is efficient in terms of computational time when compared to RTM using an analytical wavefield computed by two propagations, and it is a little more costly than conventional RTM using the crosscorrelation imaging condition.


Geophysics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. A43-A46
Author(s):  
Ali Gholami ◽  
Alan Richardson ◽  
Toktam Zand ◽  
Alison Malcolm

We have developed a simple method to halve the memory required to store the forward wavefield for the imaging condition in adjoint-state methods such as reverse time migration and full-waveform inversion. It stores the wavefield at only half the Nyquist rate, and it uses the wave equation to calculate the second time derivative, allowing approximate reconstruction of the forward wavefield at the required Nyquist rate. We have determined that the method produces an image with the Marmousi model that is not visibly different compared to a traditional (full Nyquist) implementation.


Geophysics ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 589-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yafei Wu ◽  
George A. McMechan

A wavelet transformation is performed over each of the spatial coordinates of the scalar wave equation. This transformed equation is solved directly with a finite‐difference scheme for both homogeneous and smooth inhomogeneous media. Wavefield extrapolation is performed completely in the spatial wavelet domain without transforming back into the space domain at each time step. The wavelet coefficients are extrapolated, rather than the wavefield itself. The numerical solution of the scalar wave equation in the spatial wavelet domain is closely related to the finite‐difference method because of the compact support of the wavelet bases. Poststack reverse‐time migration is implemented as an application. The resolution spaces of the wavelet transform provide a natural framework for multigrid analysis. Migrated images are constructed from various resolution spaces.


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