Monitoring horizontal well hydraulic stimulations and geomechanical deformation processes in the unconventional shales of the Midland Basin using fiber-based time-lapse VSPs, microseismic, and strain data

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Hull ◽  
Robert Meek ◽  
Hector Bello ◽  
Kevin Woller ◽  
Jed Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Optics ◽  
Hydraulic Fracture ◽  
Single Mode ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Seismic Profile ◽  
External Pressure ◽  
Single Mode Fiber ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Fracture Geometry ◽  
Fracture Models

A variety of methods are utilized in an instrumented vertical wellbore to invert for and estimate the heights and lateral extents of the hydraulic fracture treatment. Data were acquired with externally mounted dual- and single-mode fiber optics for measuring strain, acoustics, and temperature. In addition, external pressure gauges, internal conventional tiltmeters, and geophones were also utilized. This instrumented well was used multiple times to record a number of nearby offset horizontal hydraulic stimulations and to record a time-lapse vertical seismic profile. By using multiple data acquisition techniques, we obtained a more comprehensive and accurate estimation of the hydraulic fracture geometry and the dynamic processes taking place internal to the propagating fractures. Furthermore, these data could be used to calibrate fracture models and the fracture interaction with the surrounding unconventional reservoir.

scholarly journals 3D modeling of multimode and single mode fiber

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 1398
Author(s):  
Murizah Kassim ◽  
Ahmad Syahir Arif Mohd Zaid ◽  
Azlina Idris ◽  
Shahrani Shahbudin ◽  
Roslina Mohamad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Optics ◽  
3D Modeling ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Single Mode ◽  
Single Mode Fiber ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Multimode Fiber ◽  
Internet Service ◽  
Fiber Technology ◽  
Technical Specifications

<span>This paper presents a design of 3D modeling of Multimode and Single Mode Fiber using SolidWorks. Fiber technology is essential that presents optical fiber is the fastest optical cable laid by Internet Service Providers in network communication. The current design of both fibers has less detail animation on technical specifications of light propagations and cladding. Thus, characterization difficulties occur between this two fiber optics cables. It also has less promotion in media publications such as 3D model design as guidance to users. This paper presents details on 3D modeling of multimode mode and single mode fiber specifications held in the industry market.  A 3D design with SolidWorks and comparison of both fiber characteristics are presented. Based on the 3D designed model, users are analyzed on their perspective and searching information which benefits telecommunication’s company. Technical calculations like core-cladding diameter ratio in microns are animated. The propagation of light in 3D single mode and multimode fiber is simulated using SolidWorks animator that presents it real fiber conditions. Result presents 10 most country searching used of both fiber cables and the difference in users search for both cables. A number of user’s search presents 3% more of multimode than single mode fiber search cases. This research is significant in presenting an animator of single and multimode fiber to users of network infrastructure development especially network developers and Telecommunications Company which can present it lively with animator transitions.</span>

scholarly journals Stellar Diameter Measurements with Fiber Optic Double Fourier Interferometry—Experimental Study

1995 ◽  
Vol 166 ◽  
pp. 362-362
Author(s):  
Peiqian Zhao ◽  
V. Coudé Du Foresto ◽  
J.-M. Mariotti ◽  
P. Lena ◽  
Bifang Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Optics ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Spectral Band ◽  
Single Mode ◽  
Optical Path Difference ◽  
Path Difference ◽  
Single Mode Fiber ◽  
Visible Range ◽  
Beam Combination ◽  
Long Baseline

Long baseline optical interferometry has been successfully employed to measure the diameters of stars. In this technique, bandwidth smearing can affect the measurement accuracy. These bandwidth smearing effects can be, to some extent, eliminated by dividing the whole observing spectral band into sub-bands and calculating the star's diameter based on the visibilities and spatial frequencies at the corresponding sub-bands. In the visible range, dividing the whole spectral band can be implemented by introducing a spectrograph, while in the IR domain, this operation can be performed efficiently with the technique of double Fourier interferometry (DFI) without losing the advantage of multiplexing. In particular, the use of IR single-mode fiber optics for DFI will make the interferometer extremely compact, light, insensitive to surrounding conditions, etc. We established an IR single-mode fiber optic double Fourier interferometer in the laboratory, in which the optical path difference modulations are generated by stretching fiber arms and the beam combination is carried out with a fiber optic directional coupler. In this paper, we report on experiments and experimental results from measurements of the diameter of an artificial star with the technique of fiber optic DFI.

Single-mode fiber optics in a long-baseline interferometer

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 2159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart B. Shaklan ◽  
Francois Roddier
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Optics ◽  
Single Mode ◽  
Single Mode Fiber ◽  
Long Baseline

Self-Written Waveguide Formation in the Dry Photopolymer Material, Using a Single Mode Fiber Optics

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ra'ed Malallah ◽  
Haoyu Li ◽  
Nebras Al-Attar ◽  
James P. Ryle ◽  
John T. Sheridan
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Optics ◽  
Single Mode ◽  
Single Mode Fiber

scholarly journals Laser-Induced Deposition of Carbon Nanotubes in Fiber Optic Tips of MMI Devices

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (20) ◽  
pp. 4512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natanael Cuando-Espitia ◽  
Juan Bernal-Martínez ◽  
Miguel Torres-Cisneros ◽  
Daniel May-Arrioja
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Fiber Optics ◽  
Optical Fibers ◽  
Single Mode ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
Liquid Solution ◽  
Single Mode Fiber ◽  
Spatial Features ◽  
Methanol Solutions ◽  
Polymer Dispersant

The integration of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into optical fibers allows the application of their unique properties in robust and versatile devices. Here, we present a laser-induced technique to obtain the deposition of CNTs onto the fiber optics tips of multimode interference (MMI) devices. An MMI device is constructed by splicing a section of no-core fiber (NCF) to a single-mode fiber (SMF). The tip of the MMI device is immersed into a liquid solution of CNTs and laser light is launched into the MMI device. CNTs solutions using water and methanol as solvents were tested. In addition, the use of a polymer dispersant polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in the CNTs solutions was also studied. We found that the laser-induced deposition of CNTs performed in water-based solutions generates non-uniform deposits. On the other hand, the laser-induced deposition performed with methanol solutions generates uniform deposits over the fiber tip when no PVP is used and deposition at the center of the fiber when PVP is present in the CNTs solution. The results show the crucial role of the solvent on the spatial features of the laser-induced deposition process. Finally, we register and study the reflection spectra of the as-fabricated CNTs deposited MMI devices.

scholarly journals Time-lapse reconstruction of the fracture front from diffracted waves arrivals in laboratory hydraulic fracture experiments*

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Liu ◽  
Brice Lecampion ◽  
Thomas Blum
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Fracture ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Fracture Geometry ◽  
True Triaxial ◽  
Fracture Evolution ◽  
Transmitted Waves ◽  
Diffracted Waves ◽  
Fracture Front

Summary 4D acoustic imaging via an array of 32 sources / 32 receivers is used to monitor hydraulic fracture propagating in a 250 mm cubic specimen under a true-triaxial state of stress. We present a method based on the arrivals of diffracted waves to reconstruct the fracture geometry (and fluid front when distinct from the fracture front). Using Bayesian model selection, we rank different possible fracture geometries (radial, elliptical, tilted or not) and estimate model error. The imaging is repeated every 4 seconds and provide a quantitative measurement of the growth of these low velocity fractures. We test the proposed method on two experiments performed in two different rocks (marble and gabbro) under experimental conditions characteristic respectively of the fluid lag-viscosity (marble) and toughness (gabbro) dominated hydraulic fracture propagation regimes. In both experiments, about 150 to 200 source-receiver combinations exhibit clear diffracted wave arrivals. The results of the inversion indicate a radial geometry evolving slightly into an ellipse towards the end of the experiment when the fractures feel the specimen boundaries. The estimated modelling error with all models is of the order of the wave arrival picking error. Posterior estimates indicate an uncertainty of the order of a millimeter on the fracture front location for a given acquisition sequence. The reconstructed fracture evolution from diffracted waves is shown to be consistent with the analysis of 90○ incidence transmitted waves across the growing fracture.

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