When should a substance be designated as sensitizing for the skin (`Sh’) or for the airways (`Sa’)?

2002 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 439-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Schnuch ◽  
H Lessmann ◽  
K-H Schulz ◽  
D Becker ◽  
Th L Diepgen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Group ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Work Area ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
New Criteria ◽  
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft

In the List of MAK and BAT Values compounds are designated with `Sa’ (`sensitizing for the airways’) or `Sh’ (`sensitizing for the skin’) if, according to scientific evidence, they are allergens. Mainly based on suggestions by a WHO working group and based on our own experience, extended criteria have been elaborated by the working group `skin and allergy’ of the Commission of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area, which are presented in this article. They serve as guidelines for deciding which substances have to be labelled `Sa’ and `Sh’, respectively, for the prevention of sensitization and subsequent allergic diseases in workers. Although in some special cases their strict application may not be deemed necessary or possible, the proposed new criteria should be used to make the procedure of classification of substances: 1) more rational, 2) more consistent, 3) more comprehensible, and 4) more transparent. This paper informs readers working scientifically or administratively in this field and invites a critical discussion of the issue.

scholarly journals Remineralization Strategies in Oral Hygiene: A Position Paper of Italian Society of Oral Hygiene Sciences-S.I.S.I.O. Working Group

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 527-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Consuelo Sanavia ◽  
Marco Tatullo ◽  
Jessica Bassignani ◽  
Silvia Cotellessa ◽  
Giulia Fantozzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Working Group ◽  
Tooth Enamel ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Position Paper ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Italian Society ◽  
Patient Choice ◽  
Enamel Structure

Background/Objective:The clinical conditions that lead to an alteration of the enamel structure are numerous. The diet high in sugars and acidifying substances, psychological stress that triggers parafunctional behaviors, the reduced intake of fiber-rich foods or alkalizing substances, together with other factors, contribute to demineralization of the tooth enamel. Dental mineralizing products on the current market are distinguished according to the dosage form, the active ingredient, the release technology, clinical indications and patient choice. Currently, it is necessary to propose to oral health professionals a guide to orient themselves in this chaotic choice, in order to prefer the most effective product for their own clinical target.Methods:Italian Society of Oral Hygiene Sciences-S.I.S.I.O. is one of the leading scientific Italian societies representing those dental hygienists working with high-quality standards and in agreement with scientific evidence: in the last year, the SISIO working group has carried out a study focused on remineralizing agents in dentistry, in order to give an authoritative point of view to indicate a guideline in the decision process of the choice of a remineralizing agent. We will report the results pointed out from the last consensus meeting in 2017.Results:We have reported the good the bad and the ugly have been discussed in a critical discussion of such topic.Conclusion:The SISIO experience has been reported in this position paper with the aim to serve as a useful aid in the daily choice of the clinical steps to perform, when dental professionals need to treat demineralized teeth.

The Study of ESD Destructive Mechanism for PN-Junction

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Wakai ◽  
M. TsuTsumi ◽  
T. Setoya
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Thermal Diffusion ◽  
Electric Discharge ◽  
Intermediate Region ◽  
Human Body Model ◽  
Machine Model ◽  
Pn Junction ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Equilibrium Region

Abstract Mechanism of destruction caused by electrostatic discharge of PN junction was examined from two viewpoints; classification of destruction mode with consideration to destructive energy density, and comparison of destruction shape. Destructive energy density of PN junction was calculated based on Speakman model, and destruction mode was classified by Wunsch-Bell plot. As a result of Wunsch-Bell plot, electric discharge which occur at low resistance, for example machine model (MM: C∙R = 200pF ∙ 0Ω), resulted in adiabatic destruction that does not involve thermal diffusion. With electric discharge at high resistance, for example human body model (HBM: C∙R = 100pF ∙ 1500Ω), excessive destruction in intermediate region that involves thermal diffusion, and depending on the device, destruction at equilibrium region were proven to be reproducible. In case of MM, (adiabatic region destruction) destruction was confirmed in a wide extent of the joint part, but in case of HBM (intermediate region destruction) destruction was confirmed near the center of the joint part. From this fact, it was found that by verifying the places of destruction and their shapes, although in special cases, it is possible to know the destruction mode when destruction occurs.

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