ROLE OF THE WORLD IN THE WORLD SCHOOL

The article addresses the problem of organizing the process of physical education in the family. Studies have shown that parents do not have enough attention to the physical upbringing of their children in the family, which necessitates finding new ways to work with the family.

Bibliometric Study of Family Studies Journals Using Journal Impact Factors, CiteScore and H-index

Although there are bibliometric studies of journals in various fields, the field of family studies remains unexplored. Using the bibliometric metrics of the two-year and five-year Journal Impact Factors, the H-index, and the newly revised CiteScore, this paper examines the relationships among these metrics in a bibliometric study of forty-four representative family studies journals. The citation data were drawn from Journal Citation Reports, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The correlation analysis found strong positive relationships on the metrics. Despite the strong correlations, discrepancies in rank orders of the journals were found. A possible explanation of noticeable discrepancy in rankings was provided, and the implications of the study for stakeholders were discussed.

Timing, Initiators, and Causes of Divorce in a Mayangna/Miskito Community in Nicaragua

There exists a paucity of evolution-oriented research focusing on why relationships end, particularly in comparison to the substantial literature centered around individual preferences that define the beginning of relationships. In contrast, there is a long tradition in the fields of sociology and family studies of exploring divorce; however, this body of research is largely limited to studies of Western populations. We address these gaps in the literature with an examination of patterns of divorce among a small-scale horticultural population in Nicaragua. We test a number of hypotheses derived from behavioral ecology perspective regarding the timing and causes of divorce. Results lend support to all but one of the hypotheses. Overall divorce rates are comparable to U.S. rates; however, they tend to occur earlier in marriages. Children appear to provide a slight buffering effect against divorce, although age in marriage does not. Gender differences in the reported causes of divorce fall along the lines that would be expected due to differences in partner preferences reported in previous research. Finally, this population also exhibits a similar peculiar pattern exhibited by Western populations, in which divorce is more costly for women, and yet women are slightly more likely to initiate divorces than husbands.

Systematic review of family studies of heritable breast cancer in Africa.

e22508 Background: The incidence of breast cancer (BC) in Africa (40.4 per 100,000) is 49% that of Europe and North America (81.9 per 100,000) but the mortality rate is 42% higher (19.4 versus 13.7 per 100,000). The high mortality is due to lack of screening. However, more targeted screening based on genomic risks are also missed because of stigmatization, poor family history, and limited information on BC susceptibility gene mutations. Internationally based family members are influencing cultural attitudes to BC in Africa leading to reduced stigmatization, increased better family history and uptake of genomic screening. Family-based studies of BC in Africa would provide useful information on prevalence of mutations that can inform genomic screening panels. We conducted systemic review of all family-based studies of BC in Africa to document state of the art, identify barriers and facilitators of this research method and methods of advancing the science. Methods: Using a comprehensive research strategy, we reviewed articles indexed in PubMed and African Journals Online (AJOL) to identify studies of familial BC in Africa. Specifically, we searched for family-based, study design papers on BC in each country in Africa using the following keywords: breast cancer, family-studies, hereditary, genetic, gene, mutations, and Africa. We excluded case-control, and registry studies, and clinical trials. We extracted relevant information from each study using standardized criteria: number of first- and second-degree relatives affected by BC, mutations, genetic variations, and polymorphisms. Results: A total of 12 out of 727 studies met our inclusion criteria. 80% of these studies were published after the year 2010. There were 9 publications from North Africa evaluating 191 families in total. One study reported novel breast cancer candidate genes: MMS19, DNAH3, POLK and KATB6 and nine publications investigated the mutation spectrum of BRCA genes. One publication from West Africa and one publication from Southern Africa included 1 and 219 families, respectively. All the studies done in these two regions reported targeted genomic screening for only BRCA genes. No study was done in Central and East Africa. Conclusions: There is paucity of family-based studies of breast cancer in Africa. Given the high level of heterogeneity in African genomes, these types of studies may be needed to identify high penetrance, germline mutations to better understand hereditary BC risk and ultimately develop a multigene panel testing to for diagnosis of heritable BC in this population.

GENETICS OF OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by recurrent episodes of obsessive thoughts, fears, and actions, which, in the opinion of the patient, can defuse frightening events. A patient himself is aware of his condition, but cannot prevent it by a simple effort of will. The prevalence of OCD in the general population varies between 0.7% and 3.0%. Patients with OCD often can have a lifetime diagnosis of other psychopathology – an anxiety disorder, depressive disorder, tic disorder and others. In addition, the OCD symptoms often accompany other mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, eating disorder and others. Family studies in OCD showed that the disorder risk of first-degree relatives of individuals with OCD were approximately 15%, that more likely to develop OCD than its prevalence in the general population. This indicates the presence of a genetic component in the OCD development, that is also confirmed by the significant reliable value of the heritability of OCD (42-53%). Males have an earlier age at onset of OCD than females. Moreover, males more likely to have symptoms in the forbidden thoughts and symmetry dimensions and females more likely to have symptoms in the cleaning dimension. In addition, geographical and cultural factors may shape the content of obsessions and compulsions. There are four publications that have shown OCD genetic linkage with defined regions of three chromosomes: 9p24, 3q27-28 and 14q23-32. It was also found that the region of chromosome 3q27-28 contains three genes of serotonin receptor subunits – HTR3C (5HT3C), HTR3D (5HT3D) and HTR3E (5HT3E). These genes can be candidate genes for OCD. In addition, the HTR3C gene (3q27.1) is expressed in the brain cells, where it produces the serotonin receptor 3 subunit, which is a very important neurotransmitter. All three genes involved in the pathogenesis of not only OCD, but also of schizophrenia. Now, according to scientific reviews and «MalaCard: The Human Disease Database» above 40 OCD candidate genes were offered by various researchers. But almost all these studies were conducted on statistically insignificant samples (mostly from several dozens to several hundred individuals), which gave discrepant findings. In addition, not fully used methodological possibilities, for example, case-control samples were used, but family studies were not used. For this reason, the Canadian researcher S. Taylor (2013) conducted a meta-analysis of the findings of 113 studies and obtained high reliable confirmation of an assumption that variants of several genes are involved in the risk of OCD. Two of these genes associated with metabolism of serotonin (SLC6A4 and HTR2A) and two genes, in males only, are involved in catecholamine modulation (COMT and MAOA). Some more three genes have moderate reliability, two of which are associated with the dopamine system (DRD3 and DAT1) and one is associated with the glutamate system (SLC1A1). In addition, in S. Taylor’s opinion, 13 candidate genes attract an attention and merit further investigation. The results of genetic studies showed that OCD has a polygenic nature, because it is associated with multiple genes, everyone of them makes small contributions to a risk for the disorder. To reveal of these small effects, further studies of fairly large samples are needed. In addition, environmental factors may be involved in the OCD etiology that further exploration of gene–gene and gene–environment interactions is needed. To identify reliable OCD candidate genes all comorbidities must take into account. The OCD picture is extremely various not only in a lifetime of one patient, but between patients within the same family that indicates genetic heterogeneity of the disorder, which complicates the study in addition. These problems induce to study the genetic nature and environmental risk factors of OCD to ensure an earliest and most accurate diagnosis of OCD with due regard for environmental factors.

Hemoglobin D-Punjab Homozygotes and Double Heterozygotes in Premarital Screening: Case Presentations and Minireview

Hemoglobin D-Punjab is the most common variant of hemoglobin D. In premarital screening, molecular testing is often unavailable, and diagnosis (and marriage guidance) often relies on the hemoglobin analysis, family studies and epidemiological facts. The use of latter methods sometimes results in hemoglobin D-Punjab/β-thalassemia double heterozygote being mistaken for its homozygote, which could be costly. We present the clinical and laboratory characteristics of hemoglobin D-Punjab phenotypes/genotypes in 15 individuals and review similar reports in the literature. We find that the quantity of hemoglobin D-Punjab in homozygotes is higher than in hemoglobin D-Punjab/β-thalassemia double heterozygotes, its fraction > 92% being consistent with homozygosis. The limitations of this diagnostic criterion are discussed, and clinical severity of this and other hemoglobin D-Punjab double heterozygotes reviewed.