The Genetics of Depression and Manic-Depressive Disorder

1989 ◽  
Vol 155 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter McGuffin ◽  
Randy Katz
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Familial Aggregation ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Endogenous Depression ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Manic Depressive Illness ◽  
Familial Predisposition ◽  
Manic Depressive

Depressive disorders are more common in the relatives of depressed probands than in the population at large, and there is compelling evidence that the familial aggregation of bipolar disorder and severe unipolar depression is at least partly due to genetic factors. However, the evidence concerning ‘non-endogenous' depression is less clear, and family environment probably plays a stronger role. Much current research is focused on two areas: firstly, the mode of inheritance of manic-depressive illness, with the use of molecular biological techniques to detect and localise major genes; and secondly, the ways in which familial predisposition and environmental insults combine to produce depressive disorder.

Brain mechanisms in manic depression

1994 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
B J Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Manic Depression ◽  
Manic Depressive Illness ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Activity Information

Abstract Manic depressive illness (bipolar disorder) is the mood disorder classically considered to have a strong biological basis. During manic depressive cycles, patients show dramatic fluctuations of mood, energy, activity, information processing, and behaviors. Theories of brain function and mood disorders must deal with the case of bipolar disorder, not simply unipolar depression. Shifts in the nosologic concepts of how manic depression is related to other mood disorders are discussed in this overview, and the renewed adoption of the Kraepelinian "spectrum" concept is recommended. The variable clinical presentations of manic depressive illness are emphasized. New genetic mechanisms that must be considered as candidate factors in relation to this phenotypic heterogeneity are discussed. Finally, the correlation of clinical symptom clusters with brain systems is considered in the context of a three-component model of manic depression.

Bipolar disorder

2017 ◽  
pp. 233-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Harrison ◽  
Philip Cowen ◽  
Tom Burns ◽  
Mina Fazel
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Bipolar Depression ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Mood Stabilizers ◽  
Manic Depressive Illness ◽  
Bipolar Illness ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Additional Section

‘Bipolar disorder’ provides an account of the clinical and scientific aspects of bipolar disorder (‘manic depressive illness’). Identification of varying degrees of mood elevation is critical to the diagnosis of bipolar disorder to allow its distinction from unipolar depression, and the phenomenology and classification of manic states is described in detail. The range of aetiological factors involved in the development of bipolar illness is covered, from genetics and brain structure to psychology and life events. The efficacy of treatments both psychological and pharmacological in bipolar disorder is assessed, including new approaches with psychoeducation, atypical antipsychotic drugs, and anticonvulsant mood stabilizers. An additional section covers the clinically challenging treatment of bipolar depression. The evidence from clinical trials is then placed in the context of good clinical management of both the acute phases of bipolar illness as well as longer-term maintenance treatment.

Affective Illness in First Degree Relatives, Parental Loss and Family Jointness in Depressive Disorders

1973 ◽  
Vol 122 (570) ◽  
pp. 601-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Venkoba Rao
Keyword(s):  
Affective Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Parental Death ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Parental Loss ◽  
Manic Depressive Illness ◽  
Affective Illness ◽  
First Degree Relatives ◽  
Manic Depressive

Manic-depressive illness is believed to comprise two different clinical entities: Bipolar and Monopolar. This paper aims to study any differences there may be between monopolar and bipolar depressions in respect of three factors: occurrence of affective disorder (including suicide) in first degree relatives; parental death before the patients' twelfth birthday and the extent of ‘jointness' (Khatri, 1970) of the patients' family.

Diagnosis, classification, and differential diagnosis of mood disorders

2020 ◽  
pp. 681-690
Author(s):  
S. Nassir Ghaemi ◽  
Sivan Mauer
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Manic Depressive Illness ◽  
Bipolar Illness ◽  
Manic Symptoms ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Biological Aspects ◽  
Depressive Subtypes

This chapter discusses DSM and non-DSM definitions and approaches to mood illness. Before 1980, the concept of manic–depressive illness (MDI) meant both bipolar illness and recurrent unipolar depression. Evidence on diagnostic validators since 1980 has not strengthened that claim and may be interpreted to support the original MDI concept, that is, that bipolar illness and unipolar depression are part of the same overall disease (MDI). As a corollary, the concept of major depressive disorder (MDD) may represent a spectrum of different depressive subtypes: mixed (depression with manic symptoms), melancholic, pure, vascular, and neurotic depression. Each subtype differs from the other, based on diagnostic validators of course, genetics, and biological aspects and/or treatment effects. The scientific evidence for this heterogeneity of MDD appears to weaken the claim dating to DSM-III in 1980 that this condition is a different diagnosis/illness from bipolar disorder. The differential diagnosis of mood conditions is described.

Treatment of Affective Illnesses

2018 ◽  
pp. 231-272
Author(s):  
S. Nassir Ghaemi
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Depression ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Manic Depressive Illness ◽  
Bipolar Illness ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Antidepressant Efficacy ◽  
The Common ◽  
Term Benefit

The diagnosis and treatment of affective illnesses are examined. Depressive conditions are characterized in their subtypes, as opposed to the DSM-based broad and heterogeneous “major depressive disorder” (MDD) concept (which includes melancholia, mixed depression, neurotic depression, and vascular depression). Bipolar illness is seen as a subgroup of the larger manic-depressive illness (MDI) concept, which also included unipolar depression. MDI was seen as mania or depression, not mania and depression, as in bipolar illness. The treatment implications of this broader concept of MDI are explored, including: limited antidepressant efficacy in “MDD” and in bipolar depression, leading to the common report of “treatment-resistant” depression; worsening of bipolar illness with antidepressants; limited long-term benefit with dopamine blockers in bipolar illness; and good efficacy with dopamine blockers in mixed depressive states.

Manic-Depressive Illness: A Comparative Study of Patients with and Without a Family History

1972 ◽  
Vol 120 (558) ◽  
pp. 523-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mendlewicz ◽  
R. R. Fieve ◽  
J. D. Rainer ◽  
J. L. Fleiss
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Clinical Observation ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Manic Depressive Illness ◽  
Family Risk ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Depressive Group

Early studies (21, 22, 25, 12) have pointed to a genetic component in the aetiology of manic-depressive disorders. More recently, careful clinical observation has suggested the division of the affective disorders into two distinct groups: the so-called bipolar or manic-depressive group and the unipolar type with recurrent depressions only (14, 27, 1). Although genetic differences in terms of family risk have been demonstrated between the so-called bipolar and unipolar psychoses, it is not yet evident whether each group constitutes a homogeneous entity. Moreover, the diagnosis of unipolar depressive disease for the authors cited above includes such syndromes as involutional psychotic reactions, psychotic depressive reactions, and probably also psychoneurotic depressions.

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