Subacute Combined Degeneration of Unknown Origin with Extensive Involvement of the Brain

1941 ◽  
Vol 87 (366) ◽  
pp. 77-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Hemphill ◽  
E. Stengel
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Subacute Combined Degeneration ◽  
Myelin Sheaths ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Extensive Involvement ◽  
Typical Picture

The aetiology and pathology, as well as the clinical characteristics of those diseases of the nervous system in which the myelin sheaths and the axis cylinders are unsystematically affected, but the other elements of the nervous tissue spared, are as yet incompletely understood. Of these diseases, the group in which the changes of the nervous system are associated with anaemia and other dyscrasias of the haemopoietic system, generally classified as subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord, is the most clearly defined. However, even in this group cases occur in which the characteristic degeneration of the spinal cord is not accompanied by gross pathological changes in the blood. There is still, therefore, much research required before these atypical cases can be brought into line with the general pathological conceptions of the subacute combined degeneration. Furthermore, the existence and character of pathological changes in the brain and other parts of the nervous system of cases with subacute combined degeneration, apart from the spinal cord, remain to be investigated more fully. The case which we have to report has various special features, the study of which should contribute in some degree to the elucidation of these complex problems. In this case, which presented the typical picture of a subacute combined degeneration without blood changes, there was an extensive affection of the brain and the peripheral nervous system.

On the invasion of the central nervous system by nematodes I. The Incidence and pathological significance of nematodes in the central nervous system

Parasitology ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 45 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. A. Sprent
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Cellular Infiltration ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

A wide variety of nematode species have been observed to invade the central nervous system. They may be located in the meningeal spaces or may penetrate into the tissues of the brain and spinal cord.The pathological changes resulting from invasion of the central nervous system are influenced by the route of entry, the size and the mobility of the parasite. They may be diffuse or focal and may include haemorrhage, degenerative changes, cellular infiltration and glial proliferation. Such changes may or may not be observed in close association with the parasite.Symptoms indicating involvement of the central nervous system have long been associated with nematode infections outside the central nervous system. The pathogenesis of these symptoms is obscure, but they may possibly be of allergic origin.The direct pathological effects on the central nervous system are mainly the result of trauma and are directly proportional to the size and activity of the parasite. The possibility that nematodes may transport viruses into the central nervous system is briefly discussed.

scholarly journals About ascending degenerations in the brainstem and descending in the spinal cord (after damage to the lateral part of the brain between the occipital foramen and atlant)

2020 ◽  
Vol VI (1) ◽  
pp. 92-117
Author(s):  
S. A. Sukhanov
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Lateral Part ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Occipital Foramen

Among the new ways of coloring the nervous tissue, which gave us a lot of new facts and partly contributing to the changes in our previous information about the course of fibers in the central nervous system, is the Marchi method, which is very common at the present time, due to its extreme convenience and simplicity in defining degeneration nerve fibers.

Central Nerve System Impairment, AMA Guides, Sixth Edition: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Jay Blaisdell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Impairment ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Injuries that affect the central nervous system (CNS) can be catastrophic because they involve the brain or spinal cord, and determining the underlying clinical cause of impairment is essential in using the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), in part because the AMA Guides addresses neurological impairment in several chapters. Unlike the musculoskeletal chapters, Chapter 13, The Central and Peripheral Nervous System, does not use grades, grade modifiers, and a net adjustment formula; rather the chapter uses an approach that is similar to that in prior editions of the AMA Guides. The following steps can be used to perform a CNS rating: 1) evaluate all four major categories of cerebral impairment, and choose the one that is most severe; 2) rate the single most severe cerebral impairment of the four major categories; 3) rate all other impairments that are due to neurogenic problems; and 4) combine the rating of the single most severe category of cerebral impairment with the ratings of all other impairments. Because some neurological dysfunctions are rated elsewhere in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, the evaluator may consult Table 13-1 to verify the appropriate chapter to use.

Some Points in the Histology of Lymphogenous and Hæmatogenous Toxic Lesions of the Spinal Cord

1908 ◽  
Vol 54 (226) ◽  
pp. 560-561
Author(s):  
David Orr ◽  
R. G. Rows
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Morphological Type ◽  
Broth Culture ◽  
Anatomical Distribution ◽  
Tabes Dorsalis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

At a quarterly meeting of this Association held last year at Nottingham, we showed the results of our experiments with toxins upon the spinal cord and brain of rabbits. Our main conclusion was, that the central nervous system could be infected by toxins passing up along the lymph channels of the perineural sheath. The method we employed in our experiments consisted in placing a celloidin capsule filled with a broth culture of an organism under the sciatic nerve or under the skin of the cheek; and we invariably found a resulting degeneration in the spinal cord or brain, according to the situation of the capsule. These lesions we found to be identical in morphological type and anatomical distribution with those found in the cord of early tabes dorsalis and in the brain and cord of general paralysis of the insane. The conclusion suggested by our work was that these two diseases, if toxic, were most probably infections of lymphogenous origin.

Ten Million and One—Neurological Disability as a National Problem

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 871-872
Author(s):  
ERIC DENHOFF
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
New York ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Neurological Disability ◽  
The Brain

This monograph summarizes the results of the Conference on Neurological Disability as a National Problem held at Arden House, Harriman, New York, in December, 1955. It was attended by more than 50 highly qualified specialists with various interests in the field who met to explore the realistic possibilities of meeting the problems posed by more than 10 million patients suffering from more than 300 clinical entities loosely grouped together as "neurologic disabilities." Neurologic disabilities are defined as those disorders which are associated demonstrably with dysfunction, disease, or injury of the nervous system, the brain, the spinal cord, and the peripheral neuromuscular connections.

Neurosurgery nursing

2020 ◽  
pp. 279-352
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Spinal Surgery ◽  
Deep Brain Stimulator ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Vagal Nerve Stimulator ◽  
Neurological Conditions ◽  
The Brain

Neurosurgery describes the surgical treatment and management of various disease processes that target the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system. The specialty is wide and varied as increasing numbers of neurological conditions can now be improved following neurosurgery; for example, some types of epilepsy respond to the insertion of a vagal nerve stimulator, Parkinson’s disease symptoms can be diminished with a deep brain stimulator, and intractable back pain may be improved following spinal surgery. Practitioners must be equipped with the knowledge and skills to care for these patients and meet their immediate and long-term needs.

Symptoms, Related Brain Regions, and Diagnosis

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Eric Ahlskog
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Electrical Signal ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

As a prelude to the treatment chapters that follow, we need to define and describe the types of problems and symptoms encountered in DLB and PDD. The clinical picture can be quite varied: problems encountered by one person may be quite different from those encountered by another person, and symptoms that are problematic in one individual may be minimal in another. In these disorders, the Lewy neurodegenerative process potentially affects certain nervous system regions but spares others. Affected areas include thinking and memory circuits, as well as movement (motor) function and the autonomic nervous system, which regulates primary functions such as bladder, bowel, and blood pressure control. Many other brain regions, by contrast, are spared or minimally involved, such as vision and sensation. The brain and spinal cord constitute the central nervous system. The interface between the brain and spinal cord is by way of the brain stem, as shown in Figure 4.1. Thought, memory, and reasoning are primarily organized in the thick layers of cortex overlying lower brain levels. Volitional movements, such as writing, throwing, or kicking, also emanate from the cortex and integrate with circuits just below, including those in the basal ganglia, shown in Figure 4.2. The basal ganglia includes the striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra, as illustrated in Figure 4.2. Movement information is integrated and modulated in these basal ganglia nuclei and then transmitted down the brain stem to the spinal cord. At spinal cord levels the correct sequence of muscle activation that has been programmed is accomplished. Activated nerves from appropriate regions of the spinal cord relay the signals to the proper muscles. Sensory information from the periphery (limbs) travels in the opposite direction. How are these signals transmitted? Brain cells called neurons have long, wire-like extensions that interface with other neurons, effectively making up circuits that are slightly similar to computer circuits; this is illustrated in Figure 4.3. At the end of these wire-like extensions are tiny enlargements (terminals) that contain specific biological chemicals called neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are released when the electrical signal travels down that neuron to the end of that wire-like process.

Neurodevelopment

2020 ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Karl Zilles ◽  
Nicola Palomero-Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Neural Plate ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Specialized Region ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Rostral Part ◽  
Human Nervous System

The pre- and post-natal development of the human nervous system is briefly described, with special emphasis on the brain, particularly the cerebral and cerebellar cortices. The central nervous system originates from a specialized region of the ectoderm—the neural plate—which develops into the neural tube. The rostral part of the neural tube forms the adult brain, whereas the caudal part (behind the fifth somite) differentiates into the spinal cord. The embryonic brain has three vesicular enlargements: the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain. The histogenesis of the spinal cord, hindbrain, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex, including myelination, is discussed. The chapter closes with a description of the development of the hemispheric shape and the formation of gyri.

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