scholarly journals Longitudinal grey-matter and glutamatergic losses in first-episode schizophrenia

2007 ◽  
Vol 191 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Théberge ◽  
Kate E. Williamson ◽  
Naoko Aoyama ◽  
Dick J. Drost ◽  
Rahul Manchanda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Antipsychotic Treatment ◽  
Plastic Response ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Before And After ◽  
First Episode Schizophrenia ◽  
Healthy Participants

BackgroundProgressive volumetric changes in the brains of people with schizophrenia have been attributed to a number of factors.AimsTo determine whether glutamatergic changes in patients with schizophrenia correlated with grey-matter losses during the first years of illness.MethodLeft anterior cingulate and thalamic glutamatergic metabolite levels and grey-matter volumes were examined in 16 patients with first-episode schizophrenia before and after 10 months and 30 months of antipsychotic treatment and in 16 healthy participants on two occasions 30 months apart.ResultsHigher than normal glutamine levels were found in the anterior cingulate and thalamus of never-treated patients. Thalamic levels of glutamine were significantly reduced after 30 months. Limited grey-matter reductions were seen in patients at 10 months followed by widespread grey-matter loss at 30 months. Parietal and temporal lobe grey-matter loss was correlated with thalamic glutamine loss.ConclusionsElevated glutamine levels in never-treated patients followed by decreased thalamic glutamine and grey-matter loss in connected regions could indicate either neurodegeneration or a plastic response to reduced subcortical activity.

scholarly journals Anterior cingulate grey-matter deficits and cannabis use in first-episode schizophrenia

2007 ◽  
Vol 190 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip R. Szeszko ◽  
Delbert G. Robinson ◽  
Serge Sevy ◽  
Sanjiv Kumra ◽  
Claudia I. Rupp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
First Episode ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Episode Schizophrenia ◽  
First Episode Of Schizophrenia

BackgroundDespite the high prevalence of cannabis use in schizophrenia, few studies have examined the potential relationship between cannabis exposure and brain structural abnormalities in schizophrenia.AimsTo investigate prefrontal grey and white matter regions in patients experiencing a first episode of schizophrenia with an additional diagnosis of cannabis use or dependence (n=20) compared with similar patients with no cannabis use (n=31) and healthy volunteers (n=56).MethodVolumes of the superior frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate gyrus and orbital frontal lobe were outlined manually from contiguous magnetic resonance images and automatically segmented into grey and white matter.ResultsPatients who used cannabis had less anterior cingulate grey matter compared with both patients who did not use cannabis and healthy volunteers.ConclusionsA defect in the anterior cingulate is associated with a history of cannabis use among patients experiencing a first episode of schizophrenia and could have a role in poor decision-making and in choosing more risky outcomes.

scholarly journals An fMRI study of visual attention and sensorimotor function before and after antipsychotic treatment in first-episode schizophrenia

2009 ◽  
Vol 172 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah K. Keedy ◽  
Cherise Rosen ◽  
Tin Khine ◽  
Rajaprabhakaran Rajarethinam ◽  
Philip G. Janicak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Antipsychotic Treatment ◽  
Sensorimotor Function ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Before And After ◽  
First Episode Schizophrenia

scholarly journals Cytokine alterations in first-episode schizophrenia patients before and after antipsychotic treatment

2014 ◽  
Vol 154 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 23-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lot de Witte ◽  
Jakub Tomasik ◽  
Emanuel Schwarz ◽  
Paul C. Guest ◽  
Hassan Rahmoune ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
First Episode ◽  
Antipsychotic Treatment ◽  
Before And After ◽  
First Episode Schizophrenia

scholarly journals Grey matter and social functioning correlates of glutamatergic metabolite loss in schizophrenia

2011 ◽  
Vol 198 (6) ◽  
pp. 448-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoko Aoyama ◽  
Jean Théberge ◽  
Dick J. Drost ◽  
Rahul Manchanda ◽  
Sandra Northcott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Functioning ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Brain Metabolite ◽  
Left Thalamus ◽  
Profile Rating ◽  
First Episode Schizophrenia

BackgroundThalamic glutamine loss and grey matter reduction suggest neurodegeneration in first-episode schizophrenia, but the duration is unknown.AimsTo observe glutamine and glutamate levels, grey matter volumes and social functioning in patients with schizophrenia followed to 80 months after diagnosis.MethodGrey matter volumes and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy metabolites in left anterior cingulate and left thalamus were measured in 17 patients with schizophrenia before medication and 10 and 80 months after diagnosis. Social functioning was assessed with the Life Skills Profile Rating Scale (LSPRS) at 80 months.ResultsThe sum of thalamic glutamate and glutamine levels decreased over 80 months, and correlated inversely with the LSPRS. Thalamic glutamine and grey matter loss were significantly correlated in frontal, parietal, temporal and limbic regions.ConclusionsBrain metabolite loss is correlated with deteriorated social functioning and grey matter losses in schizophrenia, consistent with neurodegeneration.

scholarly journals The Effects of Antipsychotic Treatment on the Brain of Patients With First-Episode Schizophrenia: A Selective Review of Longitudinal MRI Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengmin Yang ◽  
Jing Tang ◽  
Naici Liu ◽  
Li Yao ◽  
Mengyuan Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Imaging ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Antipsychotic Treatment ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Before And After ◽  
First Episode Schizophrenia ◽  
The Brain

A large number of neuroimaging studies have detected brain abnormalities in first-episode schizophrenia both before and after treatment, but it remains unclear how these abnormalities reflect the effects of antipsychotic treatment on the brain. To summarize the findings in this regard and provide potential directions for future work, we reviewed longitudinal structural and functional imaging studies in patients with first-episode schizophrenia before and after antipsychotic treatment. A total of 36 neuroimaging studies was included, involving 21 structural imaging studies and 15 functional imaging studies. Both anatomical and functional brain changes in patients after treatment were consistently observed in the frontal and temporal lobes, basal ganglia, limbic system and several key components within the default mode network (DMN). Alterations in these regions were affected by factors such as antipsychotic type, course of treatment, and duration of untreated psychosis (DUP). Over all we showed that: (a) The striatum and DMN were core target regions of treatment in schizophrenia, and their changes were related to different antipsychotics; (b) The gray matter of frontal and temporal lobes tended to reduce after long-term treatment; and (c) Longer DUP was accompanied with faster hippocampal atrophy after initial treatment, which was also associated with poorer outcome. These findings are in accordance with previous notions but should be interpreted with caution. Future studies are needed to clarify the effects of different antipsychotics in multiple conditions and to identify imaging or other biomarkers that may predict antipsychotic treatment response. With such progress, it may help choose effective pharmacological interventional strategies for individuals experiencing recent-onset schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Treatment response after 6 and 26 weeks is related to baseline glutamate and GABA levels in antipsychotic-naïve patients with psychosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (13) ◽  
pp. 2182-2193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten B. Bojesen ◽  
Bjørn H. Ebdrup ◽  
Kasper Jessen ◽  
Anne Sigvard ◽  
Karen Tangmose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Poor Response ◽  
First Episode Psychosis ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Antipsychotic Treatment ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Reference Levels ◽  
Clinical Prognosis ◽  
Episode Psychosis

AbstractBackgroundPoor response to dopaminergic antipsychotics constitutes a major challenge in the treatment of psychotic disorders and markers for non-response during first-episode are warranted. Previous studies have found increased levels of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in non-responding first-episode patients compared to responders, but it is unknown if non-responders can be identified using reference levels from healthy controls (HCs).MethodsThirty-nine antipsychotic-naïve patients with first-episode psychosis and 36 matched HCs underwent repeated assessments with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and 3T magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Glutamate scaled to total creatine (/Cr) was measured in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and left thalamus, and levels of GABA/Cr were measured in ACC. After 6 weeks, we re-examined 32 patients on aripiprazole monotherapy and 35 HCs, and after 26 weeks we re-examined 30 patients on naturalistic antipsychotic treatment and 32 HCs. The Andreasen criteria defined non-response.ResultsBefore treatment, thalamic glutamate/Cr was higher in the whole group of patients but levels normalized after treatment. ACC levels of glutamate/Cr and GABA/Cr were lower at all assessments and unaffected by treatment. When compared with HCs, non-responders at week 6 (19 patients) and week 26 (16 patients) had higher baseline glutamate/Cr in the thalamus. Moreover, non-responders at 26 weeks had lower baseline GABA/Cr in ACC. Baseline levels in responders and HCs did not differ.ConclusionGlutamatergic and GABAergic abnormalities in antipsychotic-naïve patients appear driven by non-responders to antipsychotic treatment. If replicated, normative reference levels for glutamate and GABA may aid estimation of clinical prognosis in first-episode psychosis patients.

scholarly journals Focal changes in brain energy and phospholipid metabolism in first-episode schizophrenia

2004 ◽  
Vol 184 (5) ◽  
pp. 409-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Eric Jensen ◽  
Jodi Miller ◽  
Peter C. Williamson ◽  
Richard W J. Neufeld ◽  
Ravi S. Menon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Membrane Breakdown ◽  
First Episode Schizophrenia

BackgroundMembrane phospholipid and high-energy abnormalities measured with phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) have been reported in patients with schizophrenia in several brain regions.AimsUsing improved imaging techniques, previously inaccessible brain regions were examined in patients with first-episode schizophrenia and healthy volunteers with 4.0 T 31P-MRS.MethodBrain spectra were collected in vivo from 15 patients with first-episode schizophrenia and 15 healthy volunteers from 15 cm3 effective voxels in the thalamus, cerebellum, hippocampus, anterior/posterior cingulate, prefrontal cortex and parieto-occipital cortex.ResultsPeople with first-episode schizophrenia showed increased levels of glycerophosphocholine in the anterior cingulate. Inorganic phosphate, phosphocreatine and adenosine triphosphate concentrations were also increased in the anterior cingulate in this group.ConclusionsThe increased phosphodiester and high-energy phosphate levels in the anterior cingulate of brains of people with first-episode schizophrenia may indicate neural overactivity in this region during the early stages of the illness, resulting in increased excitotoxic neural membrane breakdown.

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