Oman Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 203-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emile A. Okal ◽  
Hermann M. Fritz ◽  
Peter E. Raad ◽  
Costas Synolakis ◽  
Yousuf Al-Shijbi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Subduction Zone ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Southern Coast ◽  
2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Makran Subduction Zone

In August 2005, a team surveyed the effects of the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami on the southern coast of Oman. Runup and inundation were obtained at 41 sites, extending over a total of 750 km of shoreline. Measured runup ranged from 3.25 m in the vicinity of Salalah to a negligible value at one location on Masirah Island. In general, the largest values were found in the western part of the surveyed area. Significant incidents were documented in the port of Salalah, where a 285-m-long vessel broke its moorings and drifted inside and outside the port, and another ship struck the breakwater while attempting to enter the harbor. The general hazard to Oman from tsunamis may be greatest from the neighboring Makran subduction zone in western Pakistan.

scholarly journals Field surveys and numerical modelling of the 2004 December 26 Indian Ocean tsunami in the area of Mumbai, west coast of India

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 (3) ◽  
pp. 1952-1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Heidarzadeh ◽  
Alexander Rabinovich ◽  
Satoshi Kusumoto ◽  
C P Rajendran
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Subduction Zone ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Subduction Zones ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Tide Gauge Records ◽  
Makran Subduction Zone ◽  
The Indian Ocean

ABSTRACT In the aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean (Sumatra-Andaman) tsunami, numerous survey teams investigated its effects on various locations across the Indian Ocean. However, these efforts were focused only on sites that experienced major destruction and a high death toll. As a consequence, some Indian Ocean coastal megacities were not examined. Among the cities not surveyed was Mumbai, the principal west coast port and economical capital of India with a population of more than 12 million. Mumbai is at risk of tsunamis from two major subduction zones in the Indian Ocean: the Sumatra–Andaman subduction zone (SASZ) and the Makran subduction zone (MSZ). As a part of the present study, we conducted a field survey of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami effects in Mumbai, analysed the available tide gauge records and performed tsunami simulations. Our field survey in 2018 January found run-up heights of 1.6−3.3 m in the Mumbai area. According to our analysis of tide gauge data, tsunami trough-to-crest heights in Okha (550 km to the north of Mumbai) and in Mormugao (410 km to the south of Mumbai) were 46 cm and 108 cm, respectively. Simulations of a hypothetical MSZ Mw 9.0 earthquake and tsunami, together with the Mw 9.1 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake and tsunami, show that the tsunami heights generated in Mumbai by an MSZ tsunami would be significantly larger than those generated by the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman tsunami. This result indicates that future tsunami hazard mitigation for Mumbai needs to be based on a potential large MSZ earthquake rather than an SASZ earthquake.

Modeling of Tsunami Propagation in the Vicinity of the Southern Coasts of Iran

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Heidarzadeh ◽  
Moharram D. Pirooz ◽  
Nasser H. Zaker ◽  
Mohammad Mokhtari
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Subduction Zone ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Height Distribution ◽  
Tsunami Propagation ◽  
Makran Subduction Zone ◽  
Tsunami Waves ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Impact

The extensive death toll and sever economical damages brought by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami has emphasized the urgent need for assessing the hazard of tsunami in this ocean, and determining the most vulnerable coastlines to the impact of possible tsunami. In this paper the hazard of tsunami for southern coasts of Iran bordering the Indian Ocean is discussed. At first, historical data of tsunami occurrences on the Iranian southern coasts are collected, described and analyzed. Then, numerical simulation of potential tsunamis in the Makran subduction zone is performed and the tsunami wave height distribution along the Iranian coast is calculated. The Makran subduction zone is among two main tsunamigenic zones in the Indian Ocean. In this zone the Oman oceanic plate subducts beneath the Iranian Micro-plate at an estimated rate of about 19 mm/yr. Historically, there is the potential for tsunami generation in this region and several tsunamis attacked the Makran coastlines in the past. The most recent tsunami in this region has occurred on 28 November 1945 which took the lives of more than 4000 people in the coasts of Iran, Pakistan, India, and Oman. Here we examine the seafloor uplift of the Makran zone and its potential for generating destructive tsunamis in the southern coastlines of Iran. Several earthquake scenarios with moment magnitudes ranging between 6.5 and 8.5 are used as initial conditions for analysis. For scenario of an earthquake with magnitude of 8.0, propagation of tsunami waves on coastlines and wave time histories in selected reference locations are calculated.

Impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami along the Tamil Nadu coastline: field survey review and numerical simulations

2014 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 743-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Gopinath ◽  
F. Løvholt ◽  
G. Kaiser ◽  
C. B. Harbitz ◽  
K. Srinivasa Raju ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Survey Review

scholarly journals The Coast of Kenya Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 235-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Weiss ◽  
Heinrich Bahlburg
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Sandy Beaches ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
The North

A field survey of the coast of Kenya was conducted after the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. We visited the coast between Mombasa and the Ngomeni Peninsula north of Malindi from 25 February to 4 March 2005. The tsunami struck the coast during the rising tide, but it caused little damage because warnings had been issued effectively and because large stretches of the coast are protected by reefs. These large stretches of protected coast end at Malindi, and the coasts to the north include sandy beaches and spits like the Ngomeni Peninsula. The maximum recorded runup at this peninsula was 3 m at 43 m from the water level at the time of the tsunami impact.

Madagascar Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 263-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emile A. Okal ◽  
Hermann M. Fritz ◽  
Ranto Raveloson ◽  
Garo Joelson ◽  
Petra Pančošková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Civil Defense ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Data Set ◽  
2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Local Factors ◽  
Visible Activity

The effects of the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami on the island of Madagascar were surveyed in July and August of 2005. Runup and inundation were obtained at 52 sites, covering most of the eastern coast of the country, ranging from a maximum runup of 5.4 m in the south to locations where the tsunami was not observed by eyewitnesses present on the day of the event. The data set is characterized by significant heterogeneity, suggesting the importance of local factors in controlling runup. The report of a 50-m vessel breaking its moorings in the port of Toamasina several hours after the maximum visible activity of the wave underscores the complexity of harbor responses and the need to re-evaluate civil defense policies in port environments. Important factors are how the Malagasy population responded to the warning issued during the Nias earthquake, on 28 March 2005, and the hazard posed to Madagascar by possible future mega-earthquakes in south Sumatra.

Maldives Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 137-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermann M. Fritz ◽  
Costas E. Synolakis ◽  
Brian G. McAdoo
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
The Impact

The tsunami of 26 December 2004 severely affected the Maldives at a distance of 2,500 km from the epicenter of the magnitude 9.0 earthquake. The Maldives provide an opportunity to assess the impact of a tsunami on coral atolls. Two international tsunami survey teams (ITSTs) surveyed a total of 13 heavily damaged islands. The islands were visited by seaplane on 14–15 and 18–19 January 2005. We recorded tsunami heights of up to 4 m on Vilufushi on the basis of the location of debris in trees and watermarks on buildings. Each watermark was localized by means of a global positioning system (GPS) and was photographed. Numerous eyewitness interviews were recorded on video. The significantly lower tsunami impact on the Maldives as compared with Sri Lanka is largely due to the topography and bathymetry of the atoll chain.

scholarly journals Global Disaster: The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumihiko Imamura ◽  
◽  
Shunichi Koshimura ◽  
Kazuhisa Goto ◽  
Hideaki Yanagisawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Computer Graphics ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Coastal Community ◽  
2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Indian Ocean

The typical mechanism behind the generation and propagation of the 2004 Indian ocean tsunami is introduced through computer graphics, showing how it propagated across the ocean. The damage it caused in countries on the Indian ocean is summarized to suggest the lessons to be leaned in mitigating similar disasters in the future. And we investigated its impact on not only coastal community but also the environment, including coral and vegetation by a field survey and cover research required in tsunami engineering.

Rodrigues, Mauritius, and Réunion Islands Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 241-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emile A. Okal ◽  
Anthony Sladen ◽  
Emily A-S. Okal
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Maximum Amplitude ◽  
Large Earthquake ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Mascarene Islands ◽  
Port Infrastructure

The effects of the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami on the islands of Rodrigues, Mauritius, and Réunion were surveyed in March 2005. Runup and inundation were obtained at 35 sites. Measured runup ranges from 2.9 m on the southeastern coast of Rodrigues to negligible values further west on the same island, with most variations expressing the effect of differences in the structure of the coral reef. Most of the damage on Réunion was concentrated in harbors. At the main harbor of Le Port on Réunion, a 196-m vessel broke loose from its moorings and began drifting, inflicting damage on port infrastructure; this incident took place significantly later than the passage of the maximum-amplitude waves. There is a potential hazard to the Mascarene Islands from any future large earthquake in southern Sumatra.

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