scholarly journals Use of Tanning Beds and Incidence of Skin Cancer

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (14) ◽  
pp. 1588-1593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingfeng Zhang ◽  
Abrar A. Qureshi ◽  
Alan C. Geller ◽  
Lindsay Frazier ◽  
David J. Hunter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
The United States ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Tanning Beds ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Tanning Bed

PurposeWe sought to evaluate the risk effect of tanning bed use on skin cancers among teenage and young adults. We also expected to determine whether a dose-response relationship was evident.Patients and MethodsWe observed 73,494 female nurses for 20 years (from 1989 to 2009) in a large and well-characterized cohort in the United States and investigated whether frequency of tanning bed use during high school/college and at ages 25 to 35 years were associated with a risk of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma. We used Cox proportional hazards models and carefully adjusted for host risk factors, ultraviolet index of residence, and sun exposure behaviors at a young age.ResultsDuring follow-up, 5,506 nurses were diagnosed with BCC, 403 with SCC, and 349 with melanoma. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of skin cancer for an incremental increase in use of tanning beds of four times per year during both periods was 1.15 (95% CI, 1.11 to 1.19; P < .001) for BCC, 1.15 (95% CI, 1.01 to 1.31; P = .03) for SCC, and 1.11 (95% CI, 0.97 to 1.27; P = .13) for melanoma. Compared with tanning bed use at ages 25 to 35 years, we found a significantly higher risk of BCC for use during high school/college (multivariable-adjusted HR for use more than six times per year compared with no use was 1.73 during high school/college v 1.28 at ages 25 to 35 years; P for heterogeneity < .001).ConclusionOur data provide evidence for a dose-response relationship between tanning bed use and the risk of skin cancers, especially BCC, and the association is stronger for patients with a younger age at exposure.

scholarly journals Human Chemical Exposure from Background Emissions in the United States and the Implication for Quantifying Risks from Marginal Emission Increase

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 308
Author(s):  
Dingsheng Li ◽  
Li Li
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
Chemical Exposure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Emission Data

The linear dose–response relationship has long been assumed in assessments of health risk from an incremental chemical emission relative to background emissions. In this study, we systematically examine the relevancy of such an assumption with real-world data. We used the reported emission data, as background emissions, from the 2017 U.S. National Emission Inventory for 95 organic chemicals to estimate the central tendencies of exposures of the general U.S. population. Previously published nonlinear dose–response relationships for chemicals were used to estimate health risk from exposure. We also explored and identified four intervals of exposure in which the nonlinear dose–response relationship may be linearly approximated with fixed slopes. Predicted rates of exposure to these 95 chemicals are all within the lowest of the four intervals and associated with low health risk. The health risk may be overestimated if a slope on the dose–response relationship extrapolated from toxicological assays based on high response rates is used for a marginal increase in emission not substantially higher than background emissions. To improve the confidence of human health risk estimates for chemicals, future efforts should focus on deriving a more accurate dose–response relationship at lower response rates and interface it with exposure assessments.

scholarly journals Botanical Agents for the Treatment of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jillian W. Millsop ◽  
Raja K. Sivamani ◽  
Nasim Fazel
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Chemopreventive Agents ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
United States Standard ◽  
Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers

Nonmelanoma skin cancers, including basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, are common neoplasms worldwide and are the most common cancers in the United States. Standard therapy for cutaneous neoplasms typically involves surgical removal. However, there is increasing interest in the use of topical alternatives for the prevention and treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer, particularly superficial variants. Botanicals are compounds derived from herbs, spices, stems, roots, and other substances of plant origin and may be used in the form of dried or fresh plants, extracted plant material, or specific plant-derived chemicals. They possess multiple properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties and are, therefore, believed to be possible chemopreventive agents or substances that may suppress or reverse the process of carcinogenesis. Here, we provide a review of botanical agents studied for the treatment and prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancers.

scholarly journals Nivolumab for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: Results of a Randomized Phase II Trial

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (13) ◽  
pp. 1430-1437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Motzer ◽  
Brian I. Rini ◽  
David F. McDermott ◽  
Bruce G. Redman ◽  
Timothy M. Kuzel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Antitumor Activity ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Renal Cell ◽  
Phase Ii Trial ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship

Purpose Nivolumab is a fully human immunoglobulin G4 programmed death–1 immune checkpoint inhibitor antibody that restores T-cell immune activity. This phase II trial assessed the antitumor activity, dose-response relationship, and safety of nivolumab in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Patients and Methods Patients with clear-cell mRCC previously treated with agents targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway were randomly assigned (blinded ratio of 1:1:1) to nivolumab 0.3, 2, or 10 mg/kg intravenously once every 3 weeks. The primary objective was to evaluate the dose-response relationship as measured by progression-free survival (PFS); secondary end points included objective response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS), and safety. Results A total of 168 patients were randomly assigned to the nivolumab 0.3- (n = 60), 2- (n = 54), and 10-mg/kg (n = 54) cohorts. One hundred eighteen patients (70%) had received more than one prior systemic regimen. Median PFS was 2.7, 4.0, and 4.2 months, respectively (P = .9). Respective ORRs were 20%, 22%, and 20%. Median OS was 18.2 months (80% CI, 16.2 to 24.0 months), 25.5 months (80% CI, 19.8 to 28.8 months), and 24.7 months (80% CI, 15.3 to 26.0 months), respectively. The most common treatment-related adverse event (AE) was fatigue (24%, 22%, and 35%, respectively). Nineteen patients (11%) experienced grade 3 to 4 treatment-related AEs. Conclusion Nivolumab demonstrated antitumor activity with a manageable safety profile across the three doses studied in mRCC. No dose-response relationship was detected as measured by PFS. These efficacy and safety results in mRCC support study in the phase III setting.

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