Guidelines for Management in Limited-Resource Settings

Nearly 80% of all illness in Bangladesh is related to water and sanitation. The combined rate of enteric diseases in Bangladesh is the highest in the world. 30% of all the deaths of children under 5 are due to diarrhoea, claiming more than 200,000 lives annually. Environmentally sound human waste management, along with personal hygiene awareness, are of critical importance to the prevention of faecal-oral disease transmission. present rural sanitation coverage is about 3%. A national target has been set to ensure that 13% of the rural poor will be covered under the human waste management programme by 1990, the end of the U.N. Water Decade. This however, contrasts with the similar target of 77% for the rural water supply programme, which received higher resource allocation and priority for a much longer period. This lack of correlation between water and sanitation has highly reduced the positive health impact of these developments. An affordable human waste management programme for the rural people, where 87% of the total population lives under conditions of the greatest poverty and underdevelopment, urgently needs serious and realistic consideration in the context of the limited resource prospects for future years. This report addresses the above issues and describes the commendable momentum that has been gained through the continuous efforts of national planners and policy makers. It is hoped that this might in the near future, through the rural human waste management programme, produce the long desired continual reduction of faecal-oral disease transmission.

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Giardia and Virus Monitoring of Sewage Effluent in the State of Arizona

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1989.0076 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 43-47 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Joan B. Rose ◽

Ricardo De Leon ◽

Charles P. Gerba

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Produced Water ◽

Wastewater Reuse ◽

Limited Resource ◽

The State ◽

Sewage Effluent ◽

Sand Filtration ◽

Southwestern United States ◽

Treatment Facilities ◽

Giardia Cysts

Arizona, located in the arid Southwestern United States, is heavily dependent on groundwater. In order to protect this limited resource, wastewater reuse has been implemented. Virus and Giardia monitoring of wastewater used for irrigation has also been initiated as a means for controlling the public's exposure to these pathogens. Treatment facilities must produce wastewater with no detectable Giardia cysts and one virus plaque forming unit (pfu) per 40 liters (L) for unrestricted reuse. For restricted reuse, 125 pfu/40 L is allowed. Methods based on filtration were used to monitor facilities at monthly, quarterly or biannual frequencies. Results after two years of monitoring are presented. All 11 treatment facilities produced water meeting the virus standard of 125 pfu/40 L. Only plants which used sand filtration and disinfection achieved consistent levels of virus below 1 pfu/40 L. Out of 70 samples, 74% contained no detectable viruses. Giardia was detected in 29 to 50% of the samples. Most plants would need to upgrade their treatment in order to meet standards for unrestricted irrigation.

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Task Scheduling in cloud using ACO

Recent Advances in Computer Science and Communications ◽

10.2174/2666255813999200831112705 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

Author(s):

Yuvaraj Natarajan ◽

Srihari Kannan ◽

Gaurav Dhiman

Keyword(s):

Load Balancing ◽

Task Scheduling ◽

Limited Resource ◽

Cloud Environment ◽

Clear Cut ◽

Strategic Approach ◽

User Demand ◽

Scheduling Strategies ◽

Cloud Users ◽

And Task

Background: Cloud computing is a multi-tenant model for computation that offers various features for computing and storage based on user demand. With increasing cloud users, the usage increases that highlights the problem of load balancing with limited resource availability based on dynamic cloud environment. In such cases, task scheduling creates fundamental issue in cloud environment. Introduction: Certain problems such as, inefficiencies in load balancing latency, throughput ratio, proper utilization of the cloud resources, better energy consumption and response time have been observed. These drawbacks can be efficiently resolved through the incorporation of efficient load balancing and task scheduling strategies. Method: In this paper, we develop an efficient co-operative method to solve the most recent approaches against load balancing and task scheduling have been proposed using Ant Colony Optimization (ACO). These approaches enables in the clear cut identification of the problems associated with the load balancing and task scheduling strategies in the cloud environment. Results: The simulation is conducted to find the efficacy of the improved ACO system for load balancing in cloud than the other methods. The result shows that the proposed method obtains reduced execution time, reduced cost and delay. Conclusion: A unique strategic approach is developed in this paper, Load Balancing, which works with the ACO in relation to the cloud workload balancing task through the incorporation of the ACO technique. The strategy for determining the applicant nodes is based on which the load balancing approach would essentially depend. By incorporating two different approaches: the maximum minute rules and the forward-backward ant, this reliability task can be established. This method is intended to articulate the initialization of the pheromone and thus upgrade the relevant cloud-based physical properties.

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Ego Depletion

The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190666453.013.7 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 111-134 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mark Muraven ◽

Jacek Buczny ◽

Kyle F. Law

Keyword(s):

Limited Resource ◽

Ego Depletion ◽

Self Control ◽

Negative Outcomes ◽

Ego Strength ◽

Loss Of Self ◽

Comprehensive Theory ◽

Depletion Effect

Self-control all too often fails. Despite people’s best intentions and considerable negative outcomes, people often find themselves at the losing end of resisting temptation, combating urges, and changing their behavior. One reason for these failures may be that exerting self-control depletes a limited resource (ego depletion) that is necessary for the success of self-control. Hence, after exerting self-control, individuals are less able resist temptations, fight urges, or stop a behavior that results in a loss of self-control. This chapter reviews the evidence for this theory in a wide variety of domains and examines what behaviors appear to deplete ego strength and how depletion affects behavior. A comprehensive theory that examines how depletion operates is put forth and used to examine some factors that might moderate the depletion effect.

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The Southern California Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Consortium during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic

Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness ◽

10.1017/dmp.2021.179 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-21

Author(s):

Mazen Odish ◽

Cassia Yi ◽

Juliann Eigner ◽

Amelia Kenner Brininger ◽

Kristi L. Koenig ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ◽

San Diego ◽

Southern California ◽

Limited Resource ◽

The United States ◽

San Diego County ◽

Clinical Practices ◽

Membrane Oxygenation ◽

Effective Manner ◽

Share Data

Abstract In March 2020, at the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the United States, the Southern California Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) Consortium was formed. The consortium included physicians and coordinators from the four ECMO centers in San Diego County. Guidelines were created to ensure that ECMO was delivered equitably and in a resource effective manner across the county during the pandemic. A biomedical ethicist reviewed the guidelines to ensure ECMO utilization would provide maximal community benefit of this limited resource. The San Diego County Health and Human Services Agency further incorporated the guidelines into its plans for the allocation of scarce resources. The consortium held weekly video conferences to review countywide ECMO capacity (including census and staffing), share data, and discuss clinical practices and difficult cases. Equipment exchanges between ECMO centers maximized regional capacity. From March 1 to November 30, 2020, consortium participants placed 97 patients on ECMO. No eligible patients were denied ECMO due to lack of resources or capacity. The Southern California ECMO Consortium may serve as a model for other communities seeking to optimize ECMO resources during the current COVID-19 or future pandemics.

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Cultural Suppression of Female Sexuality

Review of General Psychology ◽

10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.166 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 166-203 ◽

Cited By ~ 143

Author(s):

Roy F. Baumeister ◽

Jean M. Twenge

Keyword(s):

Female Sexuality ◽

Limited Resource ◽

Double Standard ◽

Cross Cultural ◽

Sexual Revolution ◽

Sexual Morality ◽

Sexual Deception ◽

Cross Cultural Differences ◽

Cultural Suppression ◽

Female Genital

Four theories about cultural suppression of female sexuality are evaluated. Data are reviewed on cross-cultural differences in power and sex ratios, reactions to the sexual revolution, direct restraining influences on adolescent and adult female sexuality, double standard patterns of sexual morality, female genital surgery, legal and religious restrictions on sex, prostitution and pornography, and sexual deception. The view that men suppress female sexuality received hardly any support and is flatly contradicted by some findings. Instead, the evidence favors the view that women have worked to stifle each other's sexuality because sex is a limited resource that women use to negotiate with men, and scarcity gives women an advantage.

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Neuroblastoma: The basis for cure in limited‐resource settings

Pediatric Blood & Cancer ◽

10.1002/pbc.28923 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jaques Heerden ◽

Mariana Kruger ◽

Tonya Marianne Esterhuizen ◽

Wim Pinxten

Keyword(s):

Limited Resource

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Outcome of Cervical Spine Trauma Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit at a Tertiary Government Referral Trauma Center in Nepal

Global Spine Journal ◽

10.1177/2192568220980703 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 219256822098070

Author(s):

Gyanendra Shah ◽

Gaurav Raj Dhakal ◽

Anil Gupta ◽

Pawan Kumar Hamal ◽

Siddhartha Dhungana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intensive Care Unit ◽

Intensive Care ◽

Cervical Spine ◽

Cervical Spinal Cord ◽

Limited Resource ◽

Trauma Patients ◽

Cervical Spine Injuries ◽

Resource Setting ◽

Cord Injury ◽

Huge Impact

Study Design: Retrospective study. Objectives: Cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating event for patient and family. It has a huge impact on society because of intensive resources required to manage the patient in both acute and rehabilitation phases. With the limited resource setting in underdeveloped countries like Nepal, questions are often raised regarding whether the outcome justifies the expenses of their care. The objective was to assess the outcomes of cervical SCI patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: All cervical SCI admitted in ICU during May 2017 to August 2018 were included in this study. Demographic details, mode, morphology, and neurological level of injury, intervention performed and outcomes of ICU stay were analyzed. Results: Out of 48 patients, 36 (75%) were male and 12 female with mean age 43.9 ± 15.9 years. Fall injury was the commonest mode of injury (83.3%). Most patients presented within 1 to 3 days of injury and C5-C6 (33.3%) was the most common involved level and 75% presented with ASIA A neurology. Mechanical ventilation was required in 95.8% of the patients and 22 patients were operated upon. The average stay in ICU was 15 days and 13 patients died in the ICU. Conclusions: Majority of cervical SCI with complete motor paraplegia required ICU care. Inspite of the intensive care, a subset of these patients succumbed to the complications of the injury. Therefore, it is essential to establish trauma ICU care with specific protocols on managing cervical spine injuries.

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