Performance Targets and Opportunities for Green Ammonia Synthesis

Florida has 915,000 beef cows and 125,000 replacement heifers (USDA, 2016). Developing these heifers so that they can become productive females in the cow herd is a tremendous investment in a cow/calf operation, an investment that takes several years to make a return. The good news is that there are options to develop heifers on forage-based programs with the possibility of reducing costs while simultaneously meeting performance targets required by the beef industry. Mild winters in Florida allows utilization of cool-season forages that can significantly enhance the performance of grazing heifers. During the warm-season, integration of forage legumes into grazing systems will provide additional nutrients to meet the performance required to develop a replacement heifer to become pregnant and enter the mature cow herd. In this document, we will propose a model for replacement heifer development, based on forage research performed in trials at the NFREC Marianna.

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Electron Donation by Low-Crystalline Ba-La-Ce Oxygen-Deficient Composite Oxide Accumulating on Ru Nanoparticles for Ammonia Synthesis under Mild Conditions

10.26434/chemrxiv.7763657.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Katsutoshi Sato ◽

Shin-ichiro Miyahara ◽

Yuta Ogura ◽

Kotoko Tsujimaru ◽

Yuichiro Wada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ammonia Synthesis ◽

Bond Cleavage ◽

Synthesis Process ◽

Strong Electron ◽

Mild Conditions ◽

Ru Nanoparticles ◽

Rate Determining Step ◽

Highly Active ◽

Composite Oxides ◽

Low Crystalline

To mitigate global problems related to energy and global warming, it is helpful to develop an ammonia synthesis process using catalysts that are highly active under mild conditions. Here we show that the ammonia synthesis activity of Ru/Ba/LaCeOx pre-reduced at 700 °C is the highest reported among oxide-supported Ru catalysts. Our results indicate that low crystalline oxygen-deficient composite oxides, which include Ba2+, Ce3+ and La3+, with strong electron-donating ability, accumulate on Ru particles and thus promote N≡N bond cleavage, which is the rate determining step for ammonia synthesis.

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Electron Donation by Low-Crystalline Ba-La-Ce Oxygen-Deficient Composite Oxide Accumulating on Ru Nanoparticles for Ammonia Synthesis under Mild Conditions

10.26434/chemrxiv.7763657 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Katsutoshi Sato ◽

Shin-ichiro Miyahara ◽

Yuta Ogura ◽

Kotoko Tsujimaru ◽

Yuichiro Wada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ammonia Synthesis ◽

Bond Cleavage ◽

Synthesis Process ◽

Strong Electron ◽

Mild Conditions ◽

Ru Nanoparticles ◽

Rate Determining Step ◽

Highly Active ◽

Composite Oxides ◽

Low Crystalline

To mitigate global problems related to energy and global warming, it is helpful to develop an ammonia synthesis process using catalysts that are highly active under mild conditions. Here we show that the ammonia synthesis activity of Ru/Ba/LaCeOx pre-reduced at 700 °C is the highest reported among oxide-supported Ru catalysts. Our results indicate that low crystalline oxygen-deficient composite oxides, which include Ba2+, Ce3+ and La3+, with strong electron-donating ability, accumulate on Ru particles and thus promote N≡N bond cleavage, which is the rate determining step for ammonia synthesis.

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Effect of Hydrothermal Treatment of Activated Carbon by Nitric Acid on Activ-ity of Ba-Ru-K/AC Catalyst for Ammonia Synthesis

CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS (CHINESE VERSION) ◽

10.3724/sp.j.1088.2012.20233 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 33 (7) ◽

pp. 1191-1197

Author(s):

Guoquan FENG ◽

Guojun LAN ◽

Ying LI ◽

Wenfeng HAN ◽

Huazhang LIU

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Nitric Acid ◽

Hydrothermal Treatment ◽

Ammonia Synthesis

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Performance Target Revisions in Incentive Contracts: Do Information and Trust Reduce Ratcheting and the Ratchet Effect?

The Accounting Review ◽

10.2308/accr-51050 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 90 (5) ◽

pp. 1755-1778 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Jasmijn C. Bol ◽

Jeremy B. Lill

Keyword(s):

Structural Changes ◽

Data Availability ◽

Performance Information ◽

Ratchet Effect ◽

Past Performance ◽

Performance Targets ◽

Positive Performance ◽

Confidentiality Agreement ◽

To Receive ◽

Performance Target

ABSTRACT In this study, we examine a setting where principals use past performance to annually revise performance targets, but do not fully incorporate the past performance information in their target revisions. We argue that this situation is driven by some principals and agents having an implicit agreement where the principal “allows” the agent to receive economic rents from positive performance-target deviations that are the result of superior effort or transitory gains by not revising targets upward, while the agent “accepts” target revisions by not restricting output when these revisions are the result of structural changes in the operation's true economic capacity. Although both the principal and the agent can benefit from an implicit agreement, we argue that for the implicit agreement to be maintainable, the principal either needs information on the cause of the performance-target deviation or there needs to be trust between the principal and the agent. Using archival data across multiple years and independent bank units, we find a pattern of ratchet attenuation and output restriction that is consistent with the existence of implicit agreements for those principal-agent dyads where information asymmetry is sufficiently reduced or mutual trust exists. Data Availability: Data used in this study cannot be made public due to a confidentiality agreement with the participating firm.

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