Comparison of aerial survey procedures for estimating polar bear density: Results of pilot studies in Northern Alaska

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-51
Author(s):  
Lyman L. McDonald ◽  
Gerald W. Garner ◽  
Donna G. Robertson
Polar Biology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rusty Robinson ◽  
Tom S. Smith ◽  
BJ Kirschhoffer ◽  
Cheryl Rosa

ARCTIC ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
George M. Durner ◽  
Steven C. Amstrup ◽  
Anthony S. Fischbach

ARCTIC ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Evans ◽  
Anthony Fischbach ◽  
Scott Schliebe ◽  
Bryan Manly ◽  
Susanne Kalxdorff ◽  
...  

ARCTIC ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 404-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate M. Lillie ◽  
Eric M. Gese ◽  
Todd C. Atwood ◽  
Mary M. Conner

The availability of a food subsidy has the potential to influence the condition, behavior, fitness, and population dynamics of a species. Since the early 2000s, monitoring efforts along the coast of northern Alaska have indicated a higher proportion of polar bears (<i>Ursus maritimus</i>) of the southern Beaufort Sea (SB) subpopulation coming onshore to feed on subsistence-harvested bowhead whale (<i>Balaena mysticetus</i>) carcasses during the fall and early winter seasons. Concurrently, Indigenous communities annually hunt bowhead whale and deposit the unused remains at localized “bone piles,” creating the potential for human-bear interactions. Our objective was to determine the annual number of polar bears feeding at the bone pile near Kaktovik, Alaska. Using a hair snag surrounding the bone pile, we collected hair samples to identify individual bears via microsatellite genotypes during 2011 – 14. We used capture-mark-recapture data in the POPAN open-population model to estimate the number of bears visiting the bone pile. We estimated that as many as 72 (SE = 9) and 76 (SE = 10) male and female polar bears, respectively, used the bone pile located at Kaktovik, Alaska, in 2012, which represents approximately 16% of the SB polar bear subpopulation. It will be important to monitor the number of bears using the bone pile and subsequent human-bear interactions and conflicts along the northern coast of Alaska, if sea ice continues to recede.


2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 634-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martyn E. Obbard ◽  
Seth Stapleton ◽  
Guillaume Szor ◽  
Kevin R. Middel ◽  
Charles Jutras ◽  
...  

The Southern Hudson Bay polar bear (Ursus maritimus Phipps, 1774) subpopulation is considered stable, but conflicting evidence lends uncertainty to that designation. Capture–recapture studies conducted in 1984–1986 and 2003–2005 and an aerial survey conducted in 2011/2012 suggested that abundance was likely unchanged since the mid-1980s. However, body condition and body size declined since then, and duration of sea ice decreased by about 30 days. Due to the conflicting information on subpopulation status and ongoing changes in sea ice, we conducted another aerial survey in 2016 to determine whether abundance had changed. We collected data via mark–recapture distance sampling and double-observer protocols. Results suggest that abundance declined 17% from 943 bears (95% CI: 658–1350) in 2011/2012 to 780 (95% CI: 590–1029) in 2016. The proportion of yearlings declined from 12% of the population in 2011 to 5% in 2016, whereas the proportion of cubs remained similar (16% in 2011 vs. 19% in 2016) suggesting low survival of the 2015 cohort. In a warming Arctic, duration of sea ice is predicted to continue to decline in Hudson Bay affecting all ice-dependent wildlife; therefore, further monitoring of this subpopulation is warranted. We recommend a conservative approach to harvest management and repeating the aerial survey in 2021.


ARCTIC ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
George M. Durner ◽  
Steven C. Amstrup
Keyword(s):  

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom S. Smith ◽  
Steven C. Amstrup ◽  
John Kirschhoffer ◽  
Geoffrey York

AbstractDenned polar bears are invisible under the snow, therefore winter-time petroleum exploration and development activities in northern Alaska have potential to disturb maternal polar bears and their cubs. Previous research determined forward looking infrared (FLIR) imagery could detect many polar bear maternal dens under the snow, but also identified limitations of FLIR imagery. We evaluated the efficacy of FLIR-surveys conducted by oil-field operators from 2004-2016. Aerial FLIR surveys detected 15 of 33 (45%) and missed 18 (55%) of the dens known to be within surveyed areas. While greater adherence to previously recommended protocols may improve FLIR detection rates, the physical characteristics of polar bear maternal dens, increasing frequencies of weather unsuitable for FLIR detections—caused by global warming, and competing “hot spots” are likely to prevent FLIR surveys from detecting maternal dens reliably enough to afford protections consonant with increasing global threats to polar bear welfare.


ARCTIC ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
George M. Durner ◽  
Steven C. Amstrup ◽  
Ken J. Ambrosius

The Condor ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-304
Author(s):  
Susan L. Earnst ◽  
Robert A. Stehn ◽  
Robert M. Platte ◽  
William W. Larned ◽  
Edward J. Mallek

Abstract The Yellow-billed Loon (Gavia adamsii) is of conservation concern due to its restricted range, small population size, specific habitat requirements, and perceived threats to its breeding and wintering habitat. Within the U.S., this species breeds almost entirely within the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska, nearly all of which is open, or proposed to be opened, for oil development. Rigorous estimates of Yellow-billed Loon population size and trend are lacking but essential for informed conservation. We used two annual aerial waterfowl surveys, conducted 1986–2003 and 1992–2003, to estimate population size and trend on northern Alaskan breeding grounds. In estimating population trend, we used mixed-effects regression models to reduce bias and sampling error associated with improvement in observer skill and annual effects of spring phenology. The estimated population trend on Alaskan breeding grounds since 1986 was near 0 with an estimated annual change of−0.9% (95% CI of−3.6% to +1.8%). The estimated population size, averaged over the past 12 years and adjusted by a correction factor based on an intensive, lake-circling, aerial survey method, was 2221 individuals (95% CI of 1206–3235) in early June and 3369 individuals (95% CI of 1910–4828) in late June. Based on estimates from other studies of the proportion of loons nesting in a given year, it is likely that <1000 nesting pairs inhabit northern Alaska in most years. The highest concentration of Yellow-billed Loons occurred between the Meade and Ikpikpuk Rivers; and across all of northern Alaska, 53% of recorded sightings occurred within 12% of the area. Tamaño y Tendencia Poblacional de Gavia adamsii en el Norte de Alaska Resumen. Gavia adamsii es una especie cuyo estado de conservación es preocupante debido a su rango de distribución restringido, su pequeño tamaño poblacional, sus requerimientos de hábitat específicos y a la inminente amenaza sobre sus hábitats reproductivos y de invernada. Dentro de los Estados Unidos, esta especie se reproduce casi enteramente dentro de la Reserva Nacional de Petróleo en Alaska, área que está disponible, o estará disponible para ser la explotación de petróleo. Actualmente, existe una carencia de estimadores rigurosos de los tamaños poblacionales y de sus tendencias, a pesar de que estos parámetros son esenciales para la conservación informada de esta especie. Utilizamos dos conteos aéreos anuales de aves acuáticas, uno realizado entre 1986–2003 y el otro entre 1992–2003, para estimar el tamaño poblacional y su tendencia en los territorios reproductivos del norte de Alaska. Para estimar la tendencia poblacional utilizamos modelos de regresión de efectos mixtos, de manera de reducir el sesgo y el error de muestreo asociados a la mejora de las aptitudes del observador y a los efectos anuales de la fenología de primavera. La tendencia poblacional estimada en los territorios reproductivos de Alaska desde 1986 fue cercana a 0, con un cambio anual estimado del−0.9% (95% IC de−3.6% a +1.8%). El tamaño poblacional estimado, promediado a lo largo de los 12 años y ajustado mediante un factor de corrección basado en un método de muestreo aéreo intensivo de vuelos circulares, fue de 2221 individuos (95% IC de 1206–3235 individuos) a inicios de junio y de 3369 individuos (95% IC de 1910–4828 individuos) a fines de junio. Con base en estimaciones de otros estudios sobre las proporciones de G. adamsii que se encontraban nidificando en un año determinado, es probable que hayan habitado <1000 parejas nidificantes en el norte de Alaska en la mayoría de los años. La mayor concentración de G. adamsii fue observada entre los ríos Meade y Ikpikpuk; y a través de todo el norte de Alaska, el 53% de los avistamientos fue registrado en un 12% del área.


VASA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoerth ◽  
Kundi ◽  
Katzenschlager ◽  
Hirschl

Background: Nailfold capillaroscopy (NVC) is a diagnostic tool particularly useful in the differential diagnosis of rheumatic and connective tissue diseases. Although successfully applied since many years, little is known about prevalence and distribution of NVC changes in healthy individuals. Probands and methods: NVC was performed in 120 individuals (57 men and 63 women; age 18 to 70 years) randomly selected according to predefined age and sex strata. Diseases associated with NVC changes were excluded. The nailfolds of eight fingers were assessed according to standardized procedures. A scoring system was developed based on the distribution of the number of morphologically deviating capillaries, microhaemorrhages, and capillary density. Results: Only 18 individuals (15 %) had no deviation in morphology, haemorrhages, or capillary density on any finger. Overall 67 % had morphological changes, 48 % had microhaemorrhages, and 40 % of volunteers below 40 years of age and 18 % above age 40 had less than 8 capillaries/mm. Among morphological changes tortous (43 %), ramified (47 %), and bushy capillaries (27 %) were the most frequently altered capillary types. A semiquantitative scoring system was developed in such a way that a score above 1 indicates an extreme position (above the 90th percentile) in the distribution of scores among healthy individuals. Conclusions: Altered capillaries occur frequently among healthy individuals and should be interpreted as normal unless a suspicious increase in their frequency is determined by reference to the scoring system. Megacapillaries and diffuse loss of capillaries were not found and seem to be of specific diagnostic value.


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