Impact of Natural Environmental Stressors on Physiological and Morphological Processes:

Loinang languageis one of the languages which has not been researched, especially in Baloa Dodavillage, Pagimana sub-district, Banggai district, Central Sulawesi Province.This research focused on identifying the form of allomorph and analyzing theformation rule of allomorph in Loinang Language. The methode usedin this research is descriptive qualitative methode. The results showed that Loinang language consists of boundmorphemes such as prefix, suffix,infix, and confix. Each numbered 30 prefixes, 3 infixes, 3 suffixes, and, 13confixes as 49 pieces total affixes. Rules of formation of the appearance ofallomorph in Loinang language determined through the process of word formationor morphological processes, namely by affixation which form the class ofgrammatical categories of nouns, verbs, and adjectives. Allomorph found anappearance in a Loinang language, such as the morpheme members of paN- willmeet with the initial phonemes basic words /p/, /i/, /t/, /s/ to the variationsof allomorph pan-, pam-, paη-, morpheme members of poN- will meet with theinitial phonemes basic word /p/, /b/, /k/, /l/, /u/, /a/ to the variations ofallomorph po-, pom-, pompa-, pompo-, ponaη-, pon-, poη-, morpheme members ofpiN- will meet with the initial phonemes basic words /h/, /s/, /l/, /k/, /p/,/m/, /a/ to the variations of allomorph pi-, pin-, pino-, pinaha-, pinoko-,pinom-, pinompo-, pinoη-, morpheme members of tiN- will meet with the initialphonemes basic words /l/, /d/, /b/, /k/ to the variations of allomorph tina-,tinala-, tino-, tinom-, tinoη-, morpheme members of iN- will meet with theinitial phonemes basic words /h/, /l/, /i/, /o/ to the variations of allomorphi-, iη-, morpheme members of Mon- will meet with the initial phonemes basicwords /h/, /l/, /b/, /k/, /j/, /s/, /t/, /a/, /i/, /o/ to the variations ofallomorph mo-, mom-, mompo-, moη-, mon-, the form of allomorph -um- will meetonly with the basic word phonemes /t/ - /i/, /p/ - /u/, /g/ - /ԑ/, /t/ - /u/,/t/ - /i/, the form of allomorph -in- will only be met with the phonemes /p/ -/ԑ/, /t/ - /o/, /t/ - /a/, /t/ - /i/, /s/ - /u/, the form of allomorph -am-only be met with the phonemes /p/ - /a/, /m/ - /i/, /b/ - /a/, /p/ - /i/, /m/ -/ԑ/, the form of allomorph -mo will meet with the last phonemes basic words/i/, /a/, /s/, /Ɂ/, /n/, the form of allomorph -akon will meet with the lastphonemes basic words /η/, /m/, /o/, /u/, and the form of allomorph -i will meetwith the last phonemes basic words /η/,/m/,/s/. Keywords : Allomorph, Loinang, Generative

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How environmental stressors affect reproductive potential in a saltmarsh plant species Plantago maritima

Ecology and Evolution ◽

10.1002/ece3.7277 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Magdalena Lazarus ◽

Jacek Mazur ◽

Katarzyna Wszałek‐Rożek ◽

Adrian Zwolicki

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

Reproductive Potential ◽

Environmental Stressors

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The Gene Regulatory Roles of Herbal Extracts on the Growth, Immune System, and Reproduction of Fish

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11082167 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 2167

Author(s):

Ehsan Ahmadifar ◽

Hamideh Pourmohammadi Fallah ◽

Morteza Yousefi ◽

Mahmoud A. O. Dawood ◽

Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Mode Of Action ◽

Medicinal Herbs ◽

Environmental Stressors ◽

Fish Diet ◽

Sustainable Aquaculture ◽

Herbal Supplements ◽

Aquatic Animals ◽

Gene Regulatory

The crucial need for safe and healthy aquatic animals obligates researchers in aquaculture to investigate alternative and beneficial additives. Medicinal herbals and their extracts are compromised with diverse effects on the performances of aquatic animals. These compounds can affect growth performance and stimulate the immune system when used in fish diet. In addition, the use of medicinal herbs and their extracts can reduce oxidative stress induced by several stressors during fish culture. Correspondingly, aquatic animals could gain increased resistance against infectious pathogens and environmental stressors. Nevertheless, the exact mode of action where these additives can affect aquatic animals’ performances is still not well documented. Understanding the mechanistic role of herbal supplements and their derivatives is a vital tool to develop further the strategies and application of these additives for feasible and sustainable aquaculture. Gene-related studies have clarified the detailed information on the herbal supplements’ mode of action when administered orally in aquafeed. Several review articles have presented the potential roles of medicinal herbs on the performances of aquatic animals. However, this review article discusses the outputs of studies conducted on aquatic animals fed dietary, medicinal herbs, focusing on the gene expression related to growth and immune performances. Furthermore, a particular focus is directed to the expected influence of herbal supplements on the reproduction of aquatic animals.

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THE ENTANGLED MULTI-LEVEL RESPONSES OF Mytilus galloprovincialis (LAMARCK, 1819) TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS AS DETECTED BY AN INTEGRATED APPROACH

Marine Environmental Research ◽

10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105292 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 105292

Author(s):

M.G. Parisi ◽

A. Giacoletti ◽

C. Mandaglio ◽

M. Cammarata ◽

G. Sarà

Keyword(s):

Mytilus Galloprovincialis ◽

Integrated Approach ◽

Environmental Stressors ◽

Multi Level

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Light and CO2 Modulate the Accumulation and Localization of Phenolic Compounds in Barley Leaves

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10030385 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 385

Author(s):

Lena Hunt ◽

Karel Klem ◽

Zuzana Lhotáková ◽

Stanislav Vosolsobě ◽

Michal Oravec ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Co2 Concentration ◽

Environmental Stressors ◽

Low Light ◽

Mesophyll Cells ◽

Stress Prevention ◽

Tolerant Variety ◽

Barley Leaves

Barley (Hordeum vulgare) accumulates phenolic compounds (PhCs), which play a key role in plant defense against environmental stressors as antioxidants or UV screening compounds. The influence of light and atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) on the accumulation and localization of PhCs in barley leaves was examined for two varieties with different tolerances to oxidative stress. PhC localization was visualized in vivo using fluorescence microscopy. Close relationships were found between fluorescence-determined localization of PhCs in barley leaves and PhC content estimated using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy detection. Light intensity had the strongest effect on the accumulation of PhCs, but the total PhC content was similar at elevated [CO2], minimizing the differences between high and low light. PhCs localized preferentially near the surfaces of leaves, but under low light, an increasing allocation of PhCs in deeper mesophyll layers was observed. The PhC profile was significantly different between barley varieties. The relatively tolerant variety accumulated significantly more hydroxycinnamic acids, indicating that these PhCs may play a more prominent role in oxidative stress prevention. Our research presents novel evidence that [CO2] modulates the accumulation of PhCs in barley leaves. Mesophyll cells, rather than epidermal cells, were most responsive to environmental stimuli in terms of PhC accumulation.

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