РОДИНА-PATRIA in Russian and Spanish Verbal Associative Networks

The specific national characteristics of stimulus Homeland in Russian and Spanish verbal associative network are described in this article. The contrastive analysis of one of the basic word-model-points, inherent to the Russian and Spanish native speakers, is being investigated for the first time. The qualitative indicators of the performed analysis constitute a kind of thesaurus of the associative norms of the Russian and Spanish languages and, together with the quantitative ones, can be the subject of linguo-psychological comparative analysis and provide additional information about the associative norms, structure, linguistic ability and national character of the speakers of the given language and culture.The theme may be interesting for specialists not only in philology, but also in psychology, sociology, culturology, mass media, commercial advertizing and other spheres connected with human activity.

Darinājumu ligzda ar pamatvārdu gādāt senajos latviešu rakstu avotos

In the article, the verb gādāt, an entry for the Historical Dictionary of Latvian (16th–17th centuries), and other formatives with this word are discussed. In the early Latvian texts, a wide and forked word-formation nest forms around the verb gādāt, including, for example, derived words gādāties, negādāt, gādāšana, apgādāt, apgādāties, apgādāšana, atsagādāties, iesagādāties, atgādāt, atgādāties, atgādāšana, atgādināt, iegādāties, sagādāt, sagāds, gāds, gādība, etc. There are several meanings of the word gādāt in early texts, which differ from the ones used nowadays, so the authors of the Dictionary have distinguished three of them: 1) to aim, seek, strive (for something); 2) to take care, to look after; 3) to be concerned, to worry (about). The word gādāt also had a more ancient meaning, ‘to think’, from which these three meanings have developed. Though in early religious texts the meaning ‘to think’ is not common, it appears in some prefixal verbs, for example, apgādāt ‘to consider’, iesagādāties ‘to come to one’s mind’, atgādāt ‘to recall, to remember’, sagādāt ‘to consider, to think’, iegādāt ‘to remember, to recall’. The meanings of the basic word also widely fork in the meanings of the words derived from it. One group of meanings is connected with the ancient meaning of the word gādāt ‘to think’. It is dominant, for example, in such word-formation chain as atgādāt, atgādināt, atgādāšana, etc., while the other group is connected to the meaning ‘to care, to look after’. The last is more common nowadays, so the words gādāt, apgādāt, sagādāt, gādība, etc. are known with this meaning also in modern Latvian. In the texts of the 16th–17th centuries, reflexive verbs are often used; an interesting feature characteristic to these verbs – the reflexive verb is often used in the same meaning as the direct verb. For example, gādāt and gādāties, iegādāt and iegādāties, atgādāt and atgādāties.

Translanguaging in the Communicative Practice of Buyers and Sellers in Traditional Market

The purpose of this study is to examine the translanguaging practice of buyers and sellers in a traditional market in Palopo, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Translanguaging is a relatively new term in contemporary linguistics. By using the qualitative method, this study current study presents an alternative perspective to describe the existence of discrete languages and multilingualism by combining different language features and offers a critical assessment of the theory of bilingualism proposed by Waring (2013) and Garcia and Otheguy (2014) by drawing upon empirical data at our disposal. This study indicates some insightful characteristics of translanguaging practice performed by buyers and sellers. It consists of types, forms, functions, and factors. Firstly, the types of translanguage practices are internal, foreign words, and hybrid aspects. Secondly, this study managed to categorize the practice of translanguage in buyers’ and sellers’ interactions in three features, namely basic word insertions, invented word insertions, loan word insertions, phrase insertions, reduplications, and regional language particle insertions. This study is not intended to challenge or reject code-switching analyses previously reported by other scholars. However, it challenges the way those scholars’ view this real sociolinguistic language phenomenon through the theory of translanguaging. In summary, a multilingual community such as a traditional market in Palopo, South Sulawesi, represents the emergence of an awareness of language users to entertain social, cultural, and political entities in the practice of communication. Such awareness is reflected in people’s translanguaging structural utterances in their exchanges.

STEMMING BAHASA JAWA MENGGUNAKAN DAMERAU LEVENSHTEIN DISTANCE (DLD)

Stemming is one of the essential stages of text mining. This process removes prefixes and suffixes to produce root words in a text. This study uses a string matching algorithm, namely Damerau Levenshtein Distance (DLD), to find the basic word forms of Javanese. Test data of 300 words that have a prefix, insertion, suffix, a combination of prefix and suffix, and word repetition. The results of this study indicate that the Damerau Levenshtein Distance (DLD) algorithm can be used for Stemming Javanese text with an accuracy value of 49.6%.

‘Like the snail that dissolves’: Construction of Identity of Psalmist and Enemy in the Lament Psalms of the Individual

The paper explores how the psalms of lament of the individual constructed the identity not only of the Israelites who used them in worship but also of their antagonists. It starts with a critique of Amy Cottrill’s Language, Power, and Identity in the Lament Psalms of the Individual, which is critical of the psalmist’s non-specific presentation of the enemies that ‘obscures the humanity of the one he prays against’. This alleged dehumanisation of the enemies is explored further through the dialogical framework of Martin Buber’s ‘I-Thou’. A consideration of Buber’s two basic word pairs, ‘I-You’ and ‘I-It’, prompts the question of whether the psalmist treats the enemies as ‘You’ or ‘It’. Further arguments based on the social setting of the lament psalms lead to the conclusion that they construct an identity of a psalmist who is in real relationship with both God and the enemy and who treats them as genuine relational beings.

The split word orders APV and PAV of Nuosu Yi

Nuosu Yi is a Tibeto-Burman (henceforth TB) language lacking sufficient core case markers. Depending on the telicity and aspectuality of the predicates, its basic word order splits into APV and rigid PAV. To be specific, the atelic and/or imperfective predicates are APV, while the telic predicates indicated by the resultativity or perfect aspect are PAV. This paper describes the semantics and syntax of the syntactic PAV and APV of Nuosu Yi thoroughly; and compares them to other TB languages in terms of role marking strategies. I propose that the conditions of split word order in Nuosu Yi are on a par with those of the split ergativity encoded by the morphological marking in Tibetan and some other TB languages; namely, the rigid PAV corresponds to the ergative alignment, and the rigid APV corresponds to the accusative alignment. The study will deepen Nuosu Yi’s morpho-syntax study and show the word order diversity to the studies of linguistic typology. Additionally, the study sheds light on the possibility of extending the definition of ergativity and its potential counterpart.

A Comparative Study of the Simple Clause in Akan, Dagaare and English

The paper compares how the simple clause is expressed in Akan (Kwa, Niger-Congo), Dagaare (Gur, Niger-Congo) and English. It examines the simple clause in relation to noun phrase, verbal phrases, adpositional phrases, basic word order in declarative and focus constructions, and the basic locative construction. Basically, the study reveals that despite the differences, Akan and Dagaare have a lot in common as compared to English. This of course shows how distant English is from the two African languages. Certain linguistic features such as serial verb construction and focus constructions were unique to Akan and Dagaare and this, is not surprising since languages within the same language family (Niger Congo) tend to share certain lexical, phonological, morphological and syntactic features. The significant variation between these languages shows where Akan and Dagaare languages diverge into other sub-family groups: Kwa and Gur, respectively.

PERSONAL NAMES IN THE POLISH, SLOVAKIAN, AND CZECH ANTHROPONYMIC SYSTEMS DERIVED FROM A LATIN NAME THAT DENOTES A PLANT

The research object of the present text is Polish, Slovakian, and Czech personal names derived from a name which is Latin by origin and denotes a plant. The main aim is to present their full list as well as their initial meaning. Specialized anthroponymic dictionaries are used as the main source of information for excerpting the researched anthroponyms. All of them contain information not only about the different name forms, but also about their etymology, origin, and canonization. The researched anthroponyms are divided into three major groups according to: 1) the meaning of the appellative (i. e. a thematic classification); 2) the type of the basic word (i. e. if the researched anthroponym is derived directly from an appellative or via another anthroponym (in this case a Roman gentile name or a Neolatin name)); 3) their canonization. All personal names included in this research are a part of the modern Polish, Slovakian, and Czech anthroponymicons, even though they represent a small group with relatively infrequent usage, the initial meaning of which is not completely clear to everybody nowadays. That is why it is of great importance to reveal the basic appellative.

Resilient grammars: On VO/OV in Germanic linguistic islands in Northern Italy

In this work we consider some residual cases of OV order in Cimbrian and show that this is due to the interaction between verb movement, a language specific property, and the syntax of bare quantifiers. This has consequences on a general theory on the change of the basic word order, since it shows that the passage from OV to VO can involve different structures in different languages depending on other properties, hence it is not possible to trace a common path in the diachronic change for all languages that have undergone this mutation.

Središnje i periferno u gramatici hrvatskoga jezika

In this paper we focus on what is central and what is peripheral in the grammatical structure of the Croatian language, in particular on the grammatical categories of number, aspect and word classes. With respect to the category of number, the relationship between singular and plural is central, while the periphery consists of other ways of expressing quantity relations (number as a word class, collectiveness, substantivity). With respect to the category of aspect, the opposition imperfective – perfective is central, while the periphery consists of Aktionsart. With respect to word classes, the basic word classes are central, while the periphery consists of hybrid forms and/or hybrid word classes (e.g. participles, infinitive, gerunds, pronominal adjectives and pronominal adverbs, etc.). Finally, we will discuss the central and the peripheral in phonology and semantics (as peripheral areas in relation to grammar).