Science ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 311 (5769) ◽  
pp. 1911-1914 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kang

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Trolier-McKinstry ◽  
Shujun Zhang ◽  
Andrew J. Bell ◽  
Xiaoli Tan

Piezoelectric materials convert between electrical and mechanical energies such that an applied stress induces a polarization and an applied electric field induces a strain. This review describes the fundamental mechanisms governing the piezoelectric response in high-performance piezoelectric single crystals, ceramics, and thin films. While there are a number of useful piezoelectric small molecules and polymers, the article focuses on inorganic materials displaying the piezoelectric effect. Piezoelectricity is first defined, and the mechanisms that contribute are discussed in terms of the key crystal structures for materials with large piezoelectric coefficients. Exemplar systems are then discussed and compared for the cases of single crystals, bulk ceramics, and thin films.


2021 ◽  
pp. 371-430
Author(s):  
I. Valiente-Blanco ◽  
D. López-Pascual
Keyword(s):  

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung Eek E. Park ◽  
Satoshi Wada ◽  
Paul W. Rehrig ◽  
Shifang Liu ◽  
Leslie E. Cross ◽  
...  

2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 609-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Desgardin ◽  
M.P Delamare ◽  
F Delorme ◽  
V Garnier ◽  
F Giovannelli ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
A. V. Crewe ◽  
M. Isaacson ◽  
D. Johnson

A double focusing magnetic spectrometer has been constructed for use with a field emission electron gun scanning microscope in order to study the electron energy loss mechanism in thin specimens. It is of the uniform field sector type with curved pole pieces. The shape of the pole pieces is determined by requiring that all particles be focused to a point at the image slit (point 1). The resultant shape gives perfect focusing in the median plane (Fig. 1) and first order focusing in the vertical plane (Fig. 2).


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