High-Performance Piezoelectric Crystals, Ceramics, and Films

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Trolier-McKinstry ◽  
Shujun Zhang ◽  
Andrew J. Bell ◽  
Xiaoli Tan
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Applied Electric Field ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Piezoelectric Effect ◽  
Piezoelectric Materials ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Piezoelectric Response ◽  
Piezoelectric Crystals

Piezoelectric materials convert between electrical and mechanical energies such that an applied stress induces a polarization and an applied electric field induces a strain. This review describes the fundamental mechanisms governing the piezoelectric response in high-performance piezoelectric single crystals, ceramics, and thin films. While there are a number of useful piezoelectric small molecules and polymers, the article focuses on inorganic materials displaying the piezoelectric effect. Piezoelectricity is first defined, and the mechanisms that contribute are discussed in terms of the key crystal structures for materials with large piezoelectric coefficients. Exemplar systems are then discussed and compared for the cases of single crystals, bulk ceramics, and thin films.

Giant piezoelectricity in oxide thin films with nanopillar structure

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 369 (6501) ◽  
pp. 292-297
Author(s):  
Huajun Liu ◽  
Haijun Wu ◽  
Khuong Phuong Ong ◽  
Tiannan Yang ◽  
Ping Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Piezoelectric Materials ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Perovskite Oxide ◽  
Piezoelectric Response ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Oxide Thin Films ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
Local Heterogeneity

High-performance piezoelectric materials are critical components for electromechanical sensors and actuators. For more than 60 years, the main strategy for obtaining large piezoelectric response has been to construct multiphase boundaries, where nanoscale domains with local structural and polar heterogeneity are formed, by tuning complex chemical compositions. We used a different strategy to emulate such local heterogeneity by forming nanopillar regions in perovskite oxide thin films. We obtained a giant effective piezoelectric coefficient d33,f* of ~1098 picometers per volt with a high Curie temperature of ~450°C. Our lead-free composition of sodium-deficient sodium niobate contains only three elements (Na, Nb, and O). The formation of local heterogeneity with nanopillars in the perovskite structure could be the basis for a general approach to designing and optimizing various functional materials.

Shape of piezoelectric hysteresis loop for non-ferroelastic switching

2003 ◽  
Vol 784 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Tagantsev ◽  
P. Muralt ◽  
J. Fousek
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Hysteresis Loop ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Applied Electric Field ◽  
Piezoelectric Coefficient ◽  
Hysteresis Loops ◽  
Simple Theory ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACTA simple theory for the shape of the piezoelectric hysteresis loops (piezoelectric coefficient d vs. applied electric field E) is developed for the case of non-ferroelelastic 180° switching in ferroelectrics. The theory provides explanations for specific features of piezoelectric hysteresis loops, which have been observed in single crystals, thin films and in ceramics in particular. The piezoelectric coefficient may show a “hump”, i.e. when E decreases from the tip of the loop down to zero, d passes through a maximum, and a “nose”, i.e. a self-crossing of the loop close to its tips. The theory also explains the difference in the coercive fields seen in the polarization and piezoelectric loops.

SINGLE CRYSTAL GROWTH AND TEXTURING OF LEAD-BASED PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMICS VIA TEMPLATED GRAIN GROWTH PROCESS

2008 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. 127-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
THOMAS RICHTER ◽  
CARSTEN SCHUH ◽  
RALF MOOS ◽  
ENDER SUVACI
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Piezoelectric Materials ◽  
Secondary Recrystallization ◽  
Single Crystal Growth ◽  
Templated Grain Growth ◽  
Textured Ceramics

In the field of high-performance piezoelectric materials, PMN-PT single crystals and textured ceramics have been attracting increased research interest for several years. On the other hand, the growth of single crystals from melt for PZT-based compositions is impossible due to its incongruent melting behavior. In order to obtain the characteristics of pure single crystal PZT as closely as possible, the PZT must be textured by secondary recrystallization of introduced seeds in a fine-grained matrix. Zirconium was therefore added to a PMN-PT-ceramic with 32 mol% PT ( Pb ( Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3)0.68 Ti 0.32 O 3) in order to obtain a PMN-PZT-ceramic with 37 mol% PT and 21 mol% PZ ( Pb ( Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3)0.42( Ti 0.638 Zr 0.362)0.58 O 3). Initially, the growth mechanism of (001)-oriented BaTiO 3 (BT) single crystals in those matrices was investigated. The piezoelectric single crystals were produced via a process that starts with the hot pressing of a BT single crystal in cold isostatically pressed ceramics, followed by an additional sintering step in order to achieve a secondary recrystallization. The measured growth lengths in PMN-PT and PMN-PZT matrices were up to 140 μm and 65 μm, respectively. Having developed this understanding, both ceramics were textured via the templated grain growth (TGG) process by using (001)-oriented BT templates. Sintering of templated grain bodies resulted in template growth into the matrix to produce textured ceramics with Lotgering factors up to 0.99 for both compositions. In textured samples unipolar strain s33 was enhanced by a factor of up to 1.8 compared to randomly oriented ceramics. By contrast, BT single crystal growth in an alternative PZT matrix with NdMn doping was not successful. Hence, in the present work, growth experiments in this NdMn -doped PZT were first performed using PZT fibers of similar composition as seeds. Growth of the fiber diameter of up to 100 μm was observed in that matrix.

scholarly journals Formic Acid Oxidation on Pd Thin Film Coated Au Nanocrystals

Surfaces ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 372-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongan Tang ◽  
Shouzhong Zou
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Film Thickness ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Formic Acid Oxidation ◽  
Oxidation Potential ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Band Theory ◽  
Gold Nanocrystals

Cubic, octahedral, and rhombic dodecahedral gold nanocrystals enclosed by {100}, {111}, and {110} facets, respectively, were prepared by a seed-mediated growth method at the room temperature. Palladium thin films were coated on these Au nanocrystals by a redox replacement approach to explore their catalytic activities. It is revealed that formic acid and carbon monoxide oxidation in 0.1 M HClO4 on Au nanocrystals coated with one monolayer (ML) of Pd are facet-dependent and resemble those obtained from corresponding Pd single crystals and Pd films deposited on bulk Au single crystals, suggesting epitaxial growth of Pd overlayers on the Au nanocrystal surfaces. As the Pd film thickness increased, formic acid oxidation current density decreased and the CO oxidation potential moved to more negative. The catalytic activity remained largely unchanged after 3–5 MLs of Pd deposition. The specific adsorption of (bi)sulfate was shown to hinder the formic acid oxidation and the effect decreased with the increasing Pd film thickness. These observations were explained in the framework of the d-band theory. This study highlights the feasibility of engineering high-performance catalysts through deposition of catalytically active metal thin films on facet-controlled inert nanocrystals.

scholarly journals Composites, Fabrication and Application of Polyvinylidene Fluoride for Flexible Electromechanical Devices: A Review

Micromachines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1076
Author(s):  
Shuaibing Guo ◽  
Xuexin Duan ◽  
Mengying Xie ◽  
Kean Chin Aw ◽  
Qiannan Xue
Keyword(s):  
Polyvinylidene Fluoride ◽  
Piezoelectric Coefficient ◽  
Piezoelectric Materials ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
High Hardness ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Piezoelectric Response ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Electromechanical Devices

The technological development of piezoelectric materials is crucial for developing wearable and flexible electromechanical devices. There are many inorganic materials with piezoelectric effects, such as piezoelectric ceramics, aluminum nitride and zinc oxide. They all have very high piezoelectric coefficients and large piezoelectric response ranges. The characteristics of high hardness and low tenacity make inorganic piezoelectric materials unsuitable for flexible devices that require frequent bending. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and its derivatives are the most popular materials used in flexible electromechanical devices in recent years and have high flexibility, high sensitivity, high ductility and a certain piezoelectric coefficient. Owing to increasing the piezoelectric coefficient of PVDF, researchers are committed to optimizing PVDF materials and enhancing their polarity by a series of means to further improve their mechanical–electrical conversion efficiency. This paper reviews the latest PVDF-related optimization-based materials, related processing and polarization methods and the applications of these materials in, e.g., wearable functional devices, chemical sensors, biosensors and flexible actuator devices for flexible micro-electromechanical devices. We also discuss the challenges of wearable devices based on flexible piezoelectric polymer, considering where further practical applications could be.

Development of Lead-Free Piezoelectric Materials Using Domain Wall Engineering

2006 ◽  
Vol 320 ◽  
pp. 151-154
Author(s):  
Satoshi Wada ◽  
Koichi Yako ◽  
Tomomitsu Muraishi ◽  
Hirofumi Kakemoto ◽  
Takaaki Tsurumi
Keyword(s):  
Barium Titanate ◽  
Domain Wall ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Applied Electric Field ◽  
Piezoelectric Materials ◽  
Domain Size ◽  
Lead Free ◽  
Gradient Domain

For the [111] oriented barium titanate (BaTiO3) single crystals, the patterning electrode was applied to induce the finer engineered domain configurations with domain size of 3 2m. The poling treatment was performed at 134 °C under electric fields below 6 kV/cm to inhibit the burning of the patterning electrode with photoresist. As the results, the gradient domain sizes from 3 to 8-9 2m were induced into the 31 resonator. The d31 was measured at -243.2 pC/N, and this value was almost 70 % of the expected d31 of –337.7 pC/N for the resonator with domain size of 3 2m. This difference was originated from lower applied electric field below 6 kV/cm. However, this study was revealed that the patterning electrode was very powerful tool to induce much finer domain sizes below 5 2m.

Flexible and Lead-free BCZT Thin Film Nanogenerator for Biocompatible Energy Harvesting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiyuan Liu ◽  
Zhuomin Zhang ◽  
Yao Shan ◽  
Ying Hong ◽  
Fatma Farooqui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Thin Films ◽  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Piezoelectric Materials ◽  
Lead Free ◽  
Piezoelectric Thin Films

High-performance piezoelectric thin films generally contain toxic lead that limits the application scenarios especially on wearable and medical devices. Alternative lead-free piezoelectric materials such as Ba0.85Ca0.15-Zr0.1Ti0.9O3 (BCZT) have been proved...

Nanoscale electromechanical phenomena in ferroelectric thin films

2000 ◽  
Vol 655 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Ganpule ◽  
A. L. Roytburd ◽  
V. Nagarajan ◽  
A. Stanishevsky ◽  
J. Melngailis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Atomic Force Microscope ◽  
Applied Electric Field ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Piezoelectric Effect ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Surface Displacement ◽  
Ferroelectric Thin Films ◽  
Atomic Force

AbstractFocused ion beam milling was used to fabricate ferroelectric islands in Pb-Zr-Ti-O thin films. The islands ranged in size from 200μm×200μm to 0.3μm×0.3μm. The inverse piezoelectric effect was studied in these islands as a function of their size by tracking the surface displacement of the top electrode of the island (under an applied electric field) using an atomic force microscope (AFM). It was found that there was a substantial increase in the piezoresponse as the size of the island decreased below 100μm×100μm. This increase was attributed to the elastic deformation of the substrate.

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