<p>The identification of preferential sediment production areas within a river basin is essential to improve predictions of sediment load and its sources, and to identify sources of potential water pollution. The role of these localized sediment sources is especially relevant in the sediment budget of alpine basins, where erosion in highly non-uniform and mass movements play a major role in the mobilization of sediments. While sediment tracers are useful to assess the origin of river-borne sediments, currently very few spatially distributed sediment transport models include the sediment production from a variety of sources and track sediment from source to outlet.</p><p>In this work, we present a new approach to include the production of sediment from localized sources, in addition to diffusive overland flow erosion, in a spatially distributed sediment production and transport model. This extension of the hydrological model Topkapi-ETH simulates the mobilization of sediments by (i) overland flow erosion, (ii) sediment pickup from landsliding areas by overland flow and (iii) river discharge, and (iv) sediment pickup from deeply incised valleys by channel flow. Landslides and incised valleys were identified from geological/geomorphological maps and a high resolution DEM of the study basin. To model the contribution of landslides, we introduce a parameter &#955; for gully competence, which describes the effectiveness of overland flow in mobilizing the sediments. Overall, &#955; affects the contributions of the different sediment production processes to the modelled sediment load at the basin outlet. To estimate a value of &#955; for the case study, we propose the local surface roughness to quantify the gully development onto the landslide surfaces. Additionally, we use available <sup>10</sup>Be measurements across the basin to assign a concentration to each sediment production process and select the end member value of &#955; that best reproduces the observed <sup>10</sup>Be concentrations at the outlet.</p><p>Our simulations indicate that including the production of sediments from localized sources with processes (ii) to (iv) is essential to capture the highest observed concentrations with the model. Moreover, the same observed suspended sediment concentrations at the outlet may be obtained with different combinations of sediment production processes in function of the gully competence. Finally, the local surface roughness analysis and the use of <sup>10</sup>Be concentration as a sediment tracer suggest that channel processes are dominant over hillslope sediment production in the study basin.</p><p>In conclusion, our work shows that combinations of physically-based sediment transport modelling with geomorphological mapping of localized sediment sources, high-resolution topographic information and point measurements of cosmogenic radionuclide concentrations allow to infer the dominant sediment production processes in river basins.</p>
Incipient subsurface heterogeneity and its effect on overland flow generation – insight from a modeling study of the first experiment at the Biosphere 2 Landscape Evolution Observatory
