null hypothesis
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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Gardner

Evolution conserves components below, and goals above, the levels for circuits and computations. This work presents evidence consistent with similar evolutionary conservation of a small, possibly canonical number of circuits and computations, and cites some historical interest in this idea. Electronic circuits are examples of what we would like to know. There are several strikingly common features of nervous systems that may be both conserved and computational essential. There is always a null hypothesis, and the work acknowledges the possibility that computation itself is ad-hoc in multiple areas and nervous systems, and not itself a conserved property. But we don’t know, and we should.


2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 2888-2904
Author(s):  
Dr. MUTESI Jean Claude

The study investigated the socio-economic and environmental impact of hydropower projects in Rwanda with a case study of Rubagabaga hydropower Ltd operating from Nyabihu District. It examines the impact of a socio-economic and environmental hydropower plant in Rwanda, identifies the challenge hydropower plants face in Rwanda, and finally investigates the relationship between hydro powers and their socio-economic impact in Rwanda? In this research, the quantitative research design is based on statistical data of the research that was used with quantitative and qualitative methods. Questionnaires were used to collect data. The target population of this study was made up of 252 participants including 154 respondents all from ten different villages surrounding the Rubagabaga plant in Nyabihu District. Data were analyzed using descriptive and correlation analysis and tables that were interpreted to confirm or deny the relevance of the main and specific objectives. Based on results from table no.16 demonstrates that the beta= 0.397 with the t value of 2.333 and the p-value of 0. 021. Since the p-value is less than 0.05, the researcher rejected the null hypothesis and considered it an alternate. There is a strong positive relationship between environmental assessment of hydropower plant projects and socio-environmental sustenance and development. In a nutshell, the researcher has rejected the null hypothesis and considered its alternate. Community structure and dynamics have a positive influence on socio-environmental sustenance and development. Table no.16 shows that beta= 0.341 with the t value of 2.668 as the p-value was 0.009. Since the p-value is less than 0.05. Therefore, the researcher rejected the null hypothesis and considered it an alternate. According to table no.21, the changes in community structure and dynamics of the hydropower plant project cause the increase of 0.341 (34.1%) of the socio-environment sustenance and development. The ratio of beta modal results for the t value expressed t=2.66 hence the probability value is significant on socio-environment sustenance and development noting that sig. =0.009. Carefully, the researcher has rejected the null hypothesis and considered its alternate. With this in mind, community structure and dynamics has a positive influence on socio-environmental sustenance and development. Table no.16 has shown beta= 0.478 with the t value of 4.543 as the p-value was 0.000 which is less than 0.05. According to the findings, the changes in government policies, stability, and support of hydropower plant project causes the increase of 0.478 (47.80%) of the socio-environment sustenance and development. The ratio of beta modal results for the t value expressed t= 4.54 hence the probability value is significant on socio-environment sustenance and development noting that sig. =0.000.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 927-933
Author(s):  
Shital Bolkuntwar

Ardhavabhedaka  can be correlated with migraine having similar symptom as half-sided headache. It is mentioned as tridoshapradhana by Sushruta and vatakaphapradhana by Vagbhata. Pathyadi Kwath is a proven formulation for urdhwajatrugata disorders including Ardhavabheaka. In addition, importance of Nasya karma in shirogata vyadhi cann’t be ignored so here pradhamana nasya with kataphala churna mentioned in Yogaratnakara is selected to evaluate its efficacy. Aim & Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of Pathyadi Kwath Arka & Katphala Churna Nasya in the management of Ardhavabhedaka with special reference to Migraine. Material and method: The fruit of haritaki, bibhitaki, Amalaki, stem bark of nimba, whole plant of bhunimba, rhizome of haridra and stem of guduchi were used for the preparation of Pathyadi Kwath and its extract (arka) was prepared using the same ingredients by the process of distillation. Course powder of Kataphala was prepared in grinder, then filtered from mesh size 500 micron (BS 30, ASTM 35) and smooth powder of Kataphala obtained. Botanists carried out authentication of drugs. The study conducted on 10 samples for the duration of 12 weeks. Pathyadi kwath given in the dose of 10 drops/ 10 ml of water and kataphala churna pradhaana nasya; morning and evening daily. Result: Statistically significant p value was noted i.e.(P<0.05), the null hypothesis is accepted, hence it is clear that all the parameters show a significant difference in the observations (before treatment and after treatment). Conclusion: Pathyadi Kwath Arka & Katphala Churna Nasya is effective in the management of Ardhavabhedak.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 2639-2650
Author(s):  
Dian Dian ◽  
Roni Suhendar ◽  
Sovian Sovian

This study aims to find out how the principal is in his leadership and how influential the principal's leadership is on teacher performance. The method used in this research is descriptive using a quantitative approach. Data collection was obtained from questionnaires, interviews, and documentation studies. While the data analysis uses percentage techniques for descriptive data and test eta quadrat for quantitative data. The results obtained in this study explain that the principal's leadership is in the very good category with a percentage gain of 94.6%.Teacher performance is in the very good category with a percentage gain 80.5%. The results of linear regression calculations show that the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted and the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected. Principal leadership contributes 37.6% to teacher performance. Which means principals have an important role in teacher performance.


Author(s):  
Mona Fitri Gurusinga ◽  
Meta Rosaulina ◽  
Saiful Batubara ◽  
Afrilius Simanjuntak

This study aims to determine the effects of the use of the Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition (CIRC) Model on the Students' Ability to analyze the content and language of drama reading at SMA Bina Guna Tanah Jawa Balimbing, Kec. Tanah Jawa, Simalungun Regency in 2020/2021. This research was conducted based on  5 classes with a total population of class , of 160 students. From the population, a sample of 32 students was assigned to one class, selected by cluster sampling, namely class XI IPA 1. The data collection technique was used to measure students’ learning outcomes in the form of assignment questions carried out on the pretest and posttest. The data analysis technique used is normality test using F test, homogeneity test and hypothesis testing using t test. The hypothesis in this study was tested by t-test at a significant level = 0.05. From the calculation of the data it was seen that  t-count t-table (10.3722000). Thus the null hypothesis is that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted. From the results, it can be concluded that the Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition (CIRC) Model can improve students’ learning outcomes in analyzing the content and language of drama.


Author(s):  
Billy Kaombe ◽  

The financial services sector in Zambia has become increasingly exposed to the ever-growing challenges posed by mobile network operators (MNOs). The introduction of mobile money by MNOs has witnessed increased usage of mobile money services. During the same period, there has been a noticeable decline in the usage of digital banking services. The research study therefore sought to establish whether there was a correlation between increased usage of mobile money services and usage of digital banking services in Zambia. The study was quantitative in nature and was based on secondary data sources. Data from 19 of the 21 digital financial services providers in Zambia were analysed using times series trend analysis and simple linear regression analysis. In order to establish whether a correlation existed between increased usage of mobile money services and usage of digital banking services in Zambia, a t- test was conducted. This acted as a guide to the decision as to whether or not to accept or reject the null hypothesis. The study failed to reject the null hypothesis and therefore concluded that no correlation existed between increased usage of mobile money services and usage of digital banking services. However, the study expounded the research results in terms of Schumpeter, Christensen and Foster’s ideas on disruptive innovation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-137
Author(s):  
Aldi Saputra ◽  
Nurasmawati ◽  
Yuni Amelia

This research was motivated by the problems experienced by some of the eighth grade students in SMPN 1 Palu. The students still had some difficulties when expressing their ideas or feelings by using English. They had various reasons for this. Most of them said that grammar is one of the causes of their difficulties in speaking English. This research was a correlational design, the technique of collecting data using test. There were two kinds of test such as written test and oral test as the research instrument. The written test was used to measure students’ grammar competency and oral test was used to measure students’ speaking ability. The researcher used Pearson Product Moment Correlation in analyzing the data by using SPSS program 26 version. Based on the results of the correlation analysis between the students’ grammar competency and the students speaking ability, the r value was obtained at 0.407 (r > 0.361) with p = 0.023 (p <0.05) indicating that there was a significant positive correlation between students’ grammar competency and students’ speaking ability. This supported the alternative hypothesis to be accepted and the null hypothesis to be rejected. It could be concluded that there was a correlation between grammar competency and speaking ability at the eighth grade students of SMPN 1 Palu in the academic year of 2020/2021.


Methodology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-325
Author(s):  
Caroline Keck ◽  
Axel Mayer ◽  
Yves Rosseel

Using the EffectLiteR framework, researchers can test classical null hypotheses about effects of interest via Wald and F-tests, while taking into account the stochastic nature of group sizes. This paper aims at extending EffectLiteR to test informative hypotheses, assuming for example that the average effect of a new treatment is greater than the average effect of an old treatment, which in turn is greater than zero. We present a simulated data example to show two methodological novelties. First, we illustrate how to use the Fbar- and generalized linear Wald test to assess informative hypotheses. While the classical test did not reach significance, the informative test correctly rejected the null hypothesis, indicating the need to take into account the order of the treatment groups. Second, we demonstrate how to account for stochastic group sizes in informative hypotheses using the generalized non-linear Wald statistic. The paper concludes with a short data example.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iskandar Zulkarnain ◽  
Pangemananan Handrie Dunand

Background: The total area of the village is 600 hectares and the largest part of the land usage is coconut farming which is 497 hectares, while the rest are roads and rivers.Research purposes: The purpose of the study is to determine whether the wage of labors, the term of payment of wages , and the social prestige affect the job shiffting of agricultural workers to servive sector workers.Research methods: The research method used in this research is a quantitative approach. Research results: The result shows that the changing profession from coconut farm workers to the service workers is determined by 3 (three) factors, that are the wage of labors, the term of payment wages, and social prestige. These are proved by a signigicant level ( α)=0.05, with the result obtained in table with dk=98 is 1.984, it means that the regression coefficient is significant between variable x and variable y , where the value of b=0,92, which means that every increase of 100 units will cause the incracement 0,92 of Y.Conclusion: The influence of changing profession of coconut farmers to service workers determined by three factors that are is the wages factor, the term of paymenet wages, and the social prestige. These are proved by the result of significant level (α) + 0,05, result obtained is(α) = 0,05, so the table with dk= 98 is 1.984, this result means that the null hypothesis is rejected. Means that from the calculation between variable X and Y, where the value of b = 0,92, which means that every increase of 100 units will cause the incracement 0,92 of Y. Furthermore the corelation coefficient of 0,86 which is significant, indicates that there is a relationship or linkage between the wage factor , the term of payment wages , and social prestige towards the changing profession of farm workers, as well as in the regression analysis. The square of correlation coeficient (π ) which is the coeficient of determination amounted to 0,73 =73%. This implies that the effect of the jobshifting of farmer workers to service workers can be explained by wage factors, the length of payment day, and and social prestige , amounted to 73%.


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