- Erwinia Carotovora Elicitors and Botrytis Cinerea Activate Defense Responses in Physcomitrella patens

Several attempts have been made to study the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on plants in the past years. However, the comparative effects of the number and phenological time of MeJA applications on the activation of defense systems is currently unknown in strawberries. In the present research, we performed three field treatments during strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa ‘Camarosa’) fruit development and ripening which consisted of differential MeJA applications at flowering (M3), and the large green (M2 and M3) and red ripe (M1, M2, and M3) fruit stages. We also checked changes in gene expression related to plant defense against Botrytis cinerea inoculation post-harvest. In M3 treatment, we observed an upregulation of the anthocyanin and lignin contents and the defense-related genes, encoding for chitinases, β-1,3-glucanases and polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins, after harvest (0 hpi), along with the jasmonate signaling-related genes FaMYC2 and FaJAZ1 at 48 h after B. cinerea inoculation (48 hpi) during postharvest storage. Although we did not find differences in gray mold incidence between the MeJA treatments and control, these results suggest that preharvest MeJA treatment from the flowering stage onwards (M3) primes defense responses mediated by the upregulation of different defense-related genes and retains the upregulation of MYC2 and JAZ1 at 48 hpi.

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Defense responses in plants of Eucalyptus elicited by Streptomyces and challenged with Botrytis cinerea

Planta ◽

10.1007/s00425-015-2460-8 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 243 (4) ◽

pp. 1055-1070 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Tamiris D. Salla ◽

Leandro V. Astarita ◽

Eliane R. Santarém

Keyword(s):

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Defense Responses

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The Physcomitrella patens unique alpha-dioxygenase participates in both developmental processes and defense responses

BMC Plant Biology ◽

10.1186/s12870-015-0439-z ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 45 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Lucina Machado ◽

Alexandra Castro ◽

Mats Hamberg ◽

Gerard Bannenberg ◽

Carina Gaggero ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physcomitrella Patens ◽

Defense Responses ◽

Developmental Processes

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Transgenic Plants Producing the Bacterial Pheromone N-Acyl-Homoserine Lactone Exhibit Enhanced Resistance to the Bacterial Phytopathogen Erwinia carotovora

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi.2001.14.9.1035 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 14 (9) ◽

pp. 1035-1042 ◽

Cited By ~ 108

Author(s):

Andres Mäe ◽

Marcos Montesano ◽

Viia Koiv ◽

E. Tapio Palva

Keyword(s):

Quorum Sensing ◽

Transgenic Tobacco ◽

Plant Cell Wall ◽

Ectopic Expression ◽

Erwinia Carotovora ◽

Homoserine Lactone ◽

Defense Responses ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Wild Type ◽

Enhanced Resistance

Bacterial pheromones, mainly different homoserine lactones, are central to a number of bacterial signaling processes, including those involved in plant pathogenicity. We previously demonstrated that N-oxoacyl-homoserine lactone (OHL) is essential for quorum sensing in the soft-rot phytopathogen Erwinia carotovora. In this pathogen, OHL controls the coordinate activation of genes encoding the main virulence determinants, extracellular plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs), in a cell density-dependent manner. We suggest that E. carotovora employ quorum sensing to avoid the premature production of PCWDEs and subsequent activation of plant defense responses. To test whether modulating this sensory system would affect the outcome of a plant-pathogen interaction, we generated transgenic tobacco, producing OHL. This was accomplished by ectopic expression in tobacco of the E. carotovora gene expI, which is responsible for OHL biosynthesis. We show that expI-positive transgenic tobacco lines produced the active pheromone and partially complemented the avirulent phenotype of expI mutants. The OHL-producing tobacco lines exhibited enhanced resistance to infection by wild-type E. carotovora. The results were confirmed by exogenous addition of OHL to wild-type plants, which also resulted in increased resistance to E. carotovora.

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Ultrastructural and Cytochemical Aspects of the Biological Control of Botrytis cinerea by Candida saitoana in Apple Fruit

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto.1998.88.4.282 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 88 (4) ◽

pp. 282-291 ◽

Cited By ~ 111

Author(s):

Ahmed El-Ghaouth ◽

Charles L. Wilson ◽

Michael Wisniewski

Keyword(s):

Host Cell ◽

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Close Contact ◽

Defense Responses ◽

Apple Fruit ◽

Penicillium Expansum ◽

Fungal Colonization ◽

Biocontrol Activity ◽

Apple Tissue

Biocontrol activity of Candida saitoana and its interaction with Botrytis cinerea in apple wounds were investigated. When cultured together, yeast attached to Botrytis sp. hyphal walls. In wounded apple tissue, C. saitoana restricted the proliferation of B. cinerea, multiplied, and suppressed disease caused by either B. cinerea or Penicillium expansum. In inoculated apple tissue without the yeast, fungal colonization caused an extensive degradation of host walls and altered cellulose labeling patterns. Hyphae in close proximity to the antagonistic yeast exhibited severe cytological injury, such as cell wall swelling and protoplasm degeneration. Colonization of the wound site by C. saitoana did not cause degradation of host cell walls. Host cell walls in close contact with C. saitoana cells and B. cinerea hyphae were well preserved and displayed an intense and regular cellulose labeling pattern. In addition to restricting fungal colonization, C. saitoana induced the formation of structural defense responses in apple tissue. The ability of C. saitoana to prevent the necrotrophic growth of the pathogen and stimulate structural defense responses may be the basis of its biocontrol activity.

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Diversified Regulation of Cytokinin Levels and Signaling During Botrytis cinerea Infection in Arabidopsis

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.584042 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Beibei Li ◽

Ruolin Wang ◽

Shiya Wang ◽

Jiang Zhang ◽

Ling Chang

Keyword(s):

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Response Regulator ◽

Plant Immunity ◽

Defense Responses ◽

Cytokinin Oxidase ◽

Plant Defense Responses ◽

Necrotrophic Pathogen ◽

Transcriptional Changes ◽

Complex Regulation

Cytokinins (CKs) can modulate plant immunity to various pathogens, but how CKs are involved in plant defense responses to the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea is still unknown. Here, we found that B. cinerea infection induced transcriptional changes in multiple genes involved in the biosynthesis, degradation, and signaling of CKs, as well as their contents, in pathogen-infected Arabidopsis leaves. Among the CKs, the gene expression of CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE 5 (CKX5) was remarkably induced in the local infected leaves and the distant leaves of the same plant without pathogen inoculation. Cis-zeatin (cZ) and its riboside (cZR) accumulated considerably in infected leaves, suggesting an important role of the cis-zeatin type of CKs in the plant response to B. cinerea. Cytokinin double-receptor mutants were more susceptible to B. cinerea infection, whereas an exogenous CK treatment enhanced the expression levels of defense-related genes and of jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET), but not salicylic acid (SA), resulting in higher resistance of Arabidopsis to B. cinerea. Investigation of CK responses to B. cinerea infection in the JA biosynthesis mutant, jar1-1, and ET-insensitive mutant, ein2-1, showed that CK signaling and levels of CKs, namely, those of isopentenyladenine (iP), isopentenyladenine riboside (iPR), and trans-zeatin (tZ), were enhanced in jar1-1-infected leaves. By contrast, reductions in iP, iPR, tZ, and tZ riboside (tZR) as well as cZR contents occurred in ein2-1-infected leaves, whose transcript levels of CK signaling genes were likewise differentially regulated. The Arabidopsis Response Regulator 5 (ARR5) gene was upregulated in infected leaves of ein2-1 whereas another type-A response regulator, ARR16, was significantly downregulated, suggesting the existence of a complex regulation of CK signaling via the ET pathway. Accumulation of the cis-zeatin type of CKs in B. cinerea-infected leaves depended on ET but not JA pathways. Collectively, our findings provide evidence that CK responds to B. cinerea infection in a variety of ways that are differently modulated by JA and ET pathways in Arabidopsis.

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Effect of Ethanol Vapor Treatment on the Growth of Alternaria alternata and Botrytis cinerea and Defense-Related Enzymes of Fungi-Inoculated Blueberry During Storage

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.618252 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Yaru Ji ◽

Wenzhong Hu ◽

Jia Liao ◽

Zhilong Xiu ◽

Aili Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Alternaria Alternata ◽

Mycelial Growth ◽

Ethanol Vapor ◽

Defense Responses ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Practical Application ◽

Structure And Ultrastructure ◽

Dose Dependent ◽

Vapor Treatment

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of ethanol vapor on the inhibition of Alternaria alternata and Botrytis cinerea in postharvest blueberry and the induction of defense-related enzymes (DREs) activities in fungi-inoculated blueberries stored at 0±0.5°C for 16days. Results indicated that ethanol vapor markedly inhibited the mycelial growth of A. alternata and B. cinerea in a dose-dependent manner, with inhibition rates of 9.1% (250μlL−1), 36.4% (500μlL−1), and 5.5% (1,000μlL−1) on A. alternata and 14.2% (250μlL−1), 44.7% (500μlL−1), and 76.6% (1,000μlL−1) on B. cinerea, respectively. Meanwhile, ethanol vapor also enhanced the activities of DREs in fungi-inoculated blueberries, including β-1,3-glucanase (GLU), chitinase (CHI), phenylalnine ammonialyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). In particular, 500μlL−1 ethanol vapor increased the activities of DREs by 84.7% (GLU), 88.0% (CHI), 37.9% (PAL), 85.5% (POD), and 247.0% (PPO) in A. alternata-inoculated blueberries and 103.8% (GLU), 271.1% (CHI), 41.1% (PAL), 148.3% (POD), and 74.4% (PPO) in B. cinerea-inoculated blueberries, respectively. But, the activity of PPO was decreased by 55.2 and 31.9% in 500μlL−1 ethanol-treated blueberries inoculated with A. alternata and B. cinerea, respectively, after 8days of storage. Moreover, the surface structure and ultrastructure of 500μlL−1 ethanol-treated blueberry fruit cells were more integrated than those of other treatments. The findings of the present study suggest that ethanol could be used as an activator of defense responses in blueberry against Alternaria and Botrytis rots, by activating DREs, having practical application value in the preservation of postharvest fruit and vegetables.

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