scholarly journals Activation of the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis by Isolation and Restraint Stress during Lactation in Ewes: Effect of the Presence of the Lamb and Suckling

Endocrinology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 147 (7) ◽  
pp. 3501-3509 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Tilbrook ◽  
A. I. Turner ◽  
M. D. Ibbott ◽  
I. J. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Cortisol Response ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Stress Control ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Presence And Absence ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

We investigated the effect of the presence and absence of lambs and suckling by lambs to attenuate activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to isolation and restraint stress in lactating sheep. In experiment 1, blood samples were collected every 10 min from nonlactating (n = 5) and lactating (n = 5) ewes for 4 h before and during stress. In experiment 2, ewes (n = 6) were allocated to 1) nonlactating, 2) lactating with lambs absent, 3) lactating with lambs present but unable to suckle, and 4) lactating with lambs present and able to suckle. Blood samples were collected over 8 h with no stress (control day) and for 4 h before and 4 h during stress (stress day). In experiment 1, the mean (±sem) cortisol concentrations increased significantly (P < 0.05) in nonlactating ewes during stress but did not change in lactating ewes. In experiment 2, cortisol did not vary on the control day or pretreatment of the stress day but increased (P < 0.05) during stress in all groups except lactating ewes with lambs present and able to suckle. The greatest cortisol response occurred in nonlactating ewes followed by lactating ewes with lambs absent and lactating ewes with lambs present but unable to suckle. During stress, the ACTH concentrations increased (P < 0.05) in nonlactating ewes and lactating ewes with lambs absent but not in lactating ewes with lambs present. We conclude that the activity of the HPA axis during isolation and restraint is reduced in lactating ewes and that the presence of lambs increases this level of attenuation.

Effects of Cloprednol and other Corticosteroids on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Function

1976 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 326-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Ortega ◽  
Consuelo Rodriguez ◽  
L James Strand ◽  
Eugene Segre
Keyword(s):  
Oral Dose ◽  
Single Oral Dose ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Cortisol Response ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Hpa Function

The effects of cloprednol and other synthetic corticosteroids on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function were studied in healthy subjects after administration of a single oral dose of corticosteroid at 6 a.m. or 6 p.m., and after daily 6 a.m. administration of corticosteroids at various doses for seven days. The degree of HPA suppression was assessed by metyrapone tests (METP), insulin hypoglycaemia tests (IHT) and 6 a.m. fasting plasma Cortisol concentrations. Regardless of the corticosteroid tested, 6 p.m. dosing was at least four-fold more suppressive of METP response than 6 a.m. administration. At therapeutically equivalent doses, single doses of triamcinolone and dexamethasone were more suppressive of HPA-axis function than cloprednol, hydrocortisone or prednisolone. After 6 a.m. administration for seven days, 12·5 mg of cloprednol did not impair the Cortisol response to IHT or interfere with the METP response. The clinically equivalent dose of prednisolone (25 mg) resulted in slightly greater HPA-axis suppression. All doses of dexamethasone (0·5, 3·75 and 6·0 mg) and of betamethasone (2·0, 4·0 and 6·5 mg) were more suppressive of HPA-axis function than either cloprednol or prednisolone. These results suggest that at equipotent anti-inflammatory doses, cloprednol is slightly less suppressive of HPA-axis function than prednisolone, and both cloprednol and prednisolone are much less suppressive than dexamethasone or betamethasone.

scholarly journals Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis after the dexamethasone/corticotrophin releasing factor test

2003 ◽  
Vol 178 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
MS Harbuz ◽  
E Korendowych ◽  
DS Jessop ◽  
AL Crown ◽  
SL Li pdfan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Cortisol Response ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Corticotrophin Releasing Factor ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Dexamethasone Suppression ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

A defective hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis response to inflammatory cytokines may contribute to the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The purpose of this study was to define further the mechanisms responsible for this dysregulation. Six normal individuals and seven patients with active RA were recruited and given an oral dose of dexamethasone at 2300 h the evening before the study. The next day, an i.v. catheter was fitted at 1300 h. Blood samples were collected between 1400 h and 1700 h before and after infusion (at 1500 h) of corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF). Plasma was separated and stored at-20 degrees C before radioimmunoassay for ACTH, cortisol and dihydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Before the CRF challenge, ACTH and cortisol were significantly increased and DHEA significantly decreased in the patients with RA compared with the controls. Neither ACTH nor DHEA was significantly altered after CRF infusion. Control individuals did not mount a cortisol response to infusion of CRF. Similarly, four of the patients with RA did not respond to CRF. However, in contrast to the controls, three of the patients mounted an immediate and sustained cortisol response after receiving CRF. These data reveal that three of the seven patients with RA were able to escape from dexamethasone suppression and mount a cortisol response to CRF challenge. This suggests that there may be a subpopulation of patients with RA who have impaired glucocorticoid feedback. The implications of this alteration for disease progression remain to be determined.

scholarly journals Dream Recall/Affect and the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-408
Author(s):  
Athanasios Tselebis ◽  
Emmanouil Zoumakis ◽  
Ioannis Ilias
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptors ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Dream Recall ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Concise Review ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

In this concise review, we present an overview of research on dream recall/affect and of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, discussing caveats regarding the action of hormones of the HPA axis (mainly cortisol and its free form, cortisol-binding globulin and glucocorticoid receptors). We present results of studies regarding dream recall/affect and the HPA axis under physiological (such as waking) or pathological conditions (such as in Cushing’s syndrome or stressful situations). Finally, we try to integrate the effect of the current COVID-19 situation with dream recall/affect vis-à-vis the HPA axis.

Contribution of Growth Arrest-Specific 5/miR-674 to the Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Axis Regulation Effect by Electroacupuncture following Trauma

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Jing Zhu ◽  
Chunxia Guo ◽  
Pingping Lu ◽  
Shuijin Shao ◽  
Bing Tu
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Growth Arrest ◽  
Luciferase Assay ◽  
Function Evaluation ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Electroacupuncture (EA) can improve trauma-induced hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) hyperactivity. However, the mechanism underlying the EA effect has not been fully understood. <b><i>Methods and Study Design:</i></b> This study was undertaken to explore the role of hypothalamic growth arrest-specific 5 (Gas5) in the regulation of EA on HPA axis function post-surgery. Paraventricular nuclear Gas5 levels were upregulated in rats using an intracerebroventricular injection of pAAV-Gas5. Primary hypothalamic neurons and 293T cells were cultured for miRNA and siRNAs detection. Radioimmunoassay, PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry were used for HPA axis function evaluation. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The overexpression of Gas5 abolished the effect of EA on the regulation of trauma-induced HPA axis hyperactivity. Using a bioinformatics analysis and dual luciferase assay, we determined that miRNA-674 was a target of Gas5. Additionally, miRNA-674 levels were found to have decreased in trauma rats, and this effect was reversed after EA intervention. TargetScan analysis showed that serum and glucocorticoid inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) were targets of miR-674. Moreover, we found that SGK1 protein levels increased in trauma rats and SGK1 expression inhibition alleviated HPA axis abnormality post-surgery. EA could improve the number of hypothalamus iba-1 positive cells and hypothalamic interleukin 1 beta protein expression. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Our study demonstrated the involvement of the hypothalamic Gas5/miRNA-674/SGK1 signaling pathway in EA regulation of HPA axis function after trauma.

scholarly journals Influence of sex and gonadal status of sheep on cortisol secretion in response to ACTH and on cortisol and LH secretion in response to stress: importance of different stressors

2002 ◽  
Vol 173 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
AI Turner ◽  
BJ Canny ◽  
RJ Hobbs ◽  
JD Bond ◽  
IJ Clarke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Cortisol Response ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Lh Secretion ◽  
Gonadal Status ◽  
Major Mediator

There are sex differences in the response to stress and in the influence of stress on reproduction which may be due to gonadal steroids but the nature of these differences and the role of the gonads are not understood. We tested the hypotheses that sex and the presence/absence of gonads (gonadal status) will influence the cortisol response to injection of ACTH, insulin-induced hypoglycaemia and isolation/restraint stress, and that sex and gonadal status will influence the secretion of LH in response to isolation/restraint stress. Four groups of sheep were used in each of three experiments: gonad-intact rams, gonadectomised rams, gonad-intact ewes in the mid-luteal phase of the oestrous cycle and gonadectomised ewes. In Experiment 1 (n=4/group), jugular blood samples were collected every 10 min for 6 h; after 3 h, two animals in each group were injected (i.v.) with ACTH and the remaining two animals were injected (i.v.) with saline. Treatments were reversed 5 days later so that every animal received both treatments. Experiment 2 (n=4/group) used a similar schedule except that insulin was injected (i.v.) instead of ACTH. In Experiment 3 (n=5/group), blood samples were collected every 10 min for 16 h on a control day and again 2 weeks later when, after 8 h of sampling, all sheep were isolated and restrained for 8 h. Plasma cortisol was significantly (P<0.05) elevated following injection of ACTH or insulin and during isolation/restraint stress. There were no significant differences between the sexes in the cortisol response to ACTH. Rams had a greater (P<0.05) cortisol response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia than ewes while ewes had a greater (P<0.05) cortisol response to isolation/restraint stress than rams. There was no effect of gonadal status on these parameters. Plasma LH was suppressed (P<0.05) in gonadectomised animals during isolation/restraint stress but was not affected in gonad-intact animals, and there were no differences between the sexes. Our results show that the sex that has the greater cortisol response to a stressor depends on the stressor imposed and that these sex differences are likely to be at the level of the hypothalamo-pituitary unit rather than at the adrenal gland. Since there was a sex difference in the cortisol response to isolation/restraint, the lack of a sex difference in the response of LH to this stress suggests that glucocorticoids are unlikely to be a major mediator of the stress-induced suppression of LH secretion.

scholarly journals Repeated Ferret Odor Exposure Induces Different Temporal Patterns of Same-Stressor Habituation and Novel-Stressor Sensitization in Both Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity and Forebrain c-fos Expression in the Rat

Endocrinology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 150 (2) ◽  
pp. 749-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc S. Weinberg ◽  
Aadra P. Bhatt ◽  
Milena Girotti ◽  
Cher V. Masini ◽  
Heidi E. W. Day ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Repeated Exposure ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Psychological Stressor ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Repeated exposure to a moderately intense stressor typically produces attenuation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response (habituation) on re-presentation of the same stressor; however, if a novel stressor is presented to the same animals, the HPA axis response may be augmented (sensitization). The extent to which this adaptation is also evident within neural activity patterns is unknown. This study tested whether repeated ferret odor (FO) exposure, a moderately intense psychological stressor for rats, leads to both same-stressor habituation and novel-stressor sensitization of the HPA axis response and neuronal activity as determined by immediate early gene induction (c-fos mRNA). Rats were presented with FO in their home cages for 30 min a day for up to 2 wk and subsequently challenged with FO or restraint. Rats displayed HPA axis activity habituation and widespread habituation of c-fos mRNA expression (in situ hybridization) throughout the brain in as few as three repeated presentations of FO. However, repeated FO exposure led to a more gradual development of sensitized HPA-axis and c-fos mRNA responses to restraint that were not fully evident until after 14 d of prior FO exposure. The sensitized response was evident in many of the same brain regions that displayed habituation, including primary sensory cortices and the prefrontal cortex. The shared spatial expression but distinct temporal development of habituation and sensitization neural response patterns suggests two independent processes with opposing influences across overlapping brain systems. Repeated exposure of rats to ferret odor leads to rapid development of stimulus-specific habituation and slower development of novel-stressor sensitization of forebrain and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity.

scholarly journals Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and adrenal function before and after ovariectomy in premenopausal women

1998 ◽  
pp. 430-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
V De Leo ◽  
A la Marca ◽  
B Talluri ◽  
D D'Antona ◽  
G Morgante
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Cortisol Response ◽  
Adrenal Steroids ◽  
Hydroxylase Activity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
17 Hydroxyprogesterone ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Estradiol Levels

The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is modulated by sex hormones. Few data exist on the relation between acute estrogen deficit and HPA axis response to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). The effects of a sudden drop in estradiol levels on basal and CRH-stimulated levels of ACTH, cortisol, testosterone, androstenedione and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) were assessed in nine premenopausal women (44-48 years of age), before and after ovariectomy. The CRH test was performed before and 8 days after ovariectomy. A significant reduction in ACTH and adrenal steroids but not in cortisol response to CRH was observed after ovariectomy. The ratio of deltamax androstenedione/17-OHP after CRH stimulation was substantially the same before and after ovariectomy, whereas deltamax 17-OHP/cortisol was significantly lower in ovariectomized women showing increased 21- and 11beta-hydroxylase activity. The results show that the acute estrogen deficit induces changes in the HPA axis characterized by reduced stimulated secretion of ACTH and steroids but normal stimulated cortisol production.

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