scholarly journals Therapy for acute nerve agent poisoning

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Newmark
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Medical Toxicology ◽  
Nerve Agents ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
National Library ◽  
Acute Therapy ◽  
Fda Approval ◽  
Antidotal Therapy ◽  
Form Information

Purpose of reviewAcute nerve agent poisoning was last reviewed in the neurology literature in 2004. As neurologists may expect to be called upon by non-neurologist colleagues as local experts, it is timely to update the 2004 review.Recent findingsAcute antidotal therapy for nerve agent poisoning has been rendered simpler and faster by the FDA approval and introduction of the dual-dose autoinjector. Although there are no truly new fielded antidotes, midazolam recently received FDA approval for treatment against seizures, and will replace diazepam in most acute situations when the FDA approves it in the autoinjector form. Information on acute therapy is much more easily accessed in real time now than in 2004, thanks to efforts by the National Library of Medicine and the American College of Medical Toxicology.SummarySince 2004, there have been changes in antidotal therapy and a robust expansion in familiarity with nerve agent management principles in the civilian sector. These advances are somewhat offset by the increased use of nerve agents for nefarious purposes.

scholarly journals Binding thiourea derivatives with dimethyl methylphosphonate for sensing nerve agents

RSC Advances ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (19) ◽  
pp. 10693-10701 ◽  
Author(s):  
You Kyoung Chung ◽  
Seonggyun Ha ◽  
Tae Gyun Woo ◽  
Young Dok Kim ◽  
Changsik Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Agents ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Binding Energies ◽  
Dimethyl Methylphosphonate ◽  
Thiourea Derivatives

Binding energies and geometries of 1 : 1 complexes formed between nerve agent simulant DMMP and 13 thiourea derivatives (TUn) were calculated and compared with the sensing efficiencies of TUn from QCM analysis.

Handy ratiometric detection of gaseous nerve agents with AIE-fluorophore-based solid test strips

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (42) ◽  
pp. 10105-10110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuailing Huang ◽  
Yinglong Wu ◽  
Fang Zeng ◽  
Lihe Sun ◽  
Shuizhu Wu
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Detection ◽  
Nerve Agents ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Paper Strip ◽  
Test Strips ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Ratiometric Detection

The first AIE-probe based paper-strip sensor for rapid and point-of-use fluorescence detection of a gaseous nerve agent mimic has been developed.

scholarly journals Cyclodextrines as Functional Agents for Decontamination of the Skin Contaminated by Nerve Agents

2004 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Cabal ◽  
Kamil Kuča ◽  
Lucie Ševelová-Bartošová ◽  
Vlastimil Dohnal
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Nerve Agents ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Rat Skin ◽  
Decontamination Solutions

Three decontamination solutions of β-cyclodextrines were prepared. Their abilities to decontamine rat skin contamined with nerve agent soman were tested. Decontamination efficacy of the tested cyclodextrine solutions was compared with the same decontamination means but without the cyclodextrines. The efficacy of tested decontaminants was evaluated by the assessment of the ID50 values. Two decontamination prescriptions with cyclodextrines (tetraborate buffer and tetraborate buffer with acetone) do not show significantly better decontamination efficacies in comparison with prescriptions without cyclodextrines. Only in case of aqueous solution of 2–aminoethanol the addition of β-cyclodextrine resulted in significant increase (32%) in decontamination efficacy.

Early diagnosis of nerve agent exposure with a mobile test kit and implications for medical countermeasures: a trigger to react

2020 ◽  
Vol 166 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-102
Author(s):  
Timo Wille ◽  
Snezana Djordjević ◽  
Franz Worek ◽  
Horst Thiermann ◽  
Slavica Vučinić
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Nerve Agents ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Chemical Weapon ◽  
Therapeutic Success ◽  
Bche Activity ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Medical Countermeasures

Recent uses of nerve agents underline the need of early diagnosis as trigger to react (initiating medical countermeasures, avoiding cross-contamination). As organophosphorus (OP) pesticide poisoning exerts the same pathomechanism, that is, inhibition of the pivotal enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a portable cholinesterase (ChE) test kit was applied in an emergency room for rapid diagnosis of OP poisoning. OP nerve agents or pesticides result in the inhibition of AChE. As AChE is also expressed on erythrocytes, patient samples are easily available. However, in most clinics only determination of plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is established which lacks a pathophysiological correlate, shows higher variability in the population and behaves different regarding inhibition by OP and reactivation by oximes. The ChE test kit helped to diagnose atypical cases of OP poisoning, for example, missing of typical muscarinic symptoms, and resulted in administration of pralidoxime, the oxime used in Serbia. The ChE test kit also allows an initial assessment whether an oxime therapy is successful. In one case report, AChE activity increased after oxime administration indicating therapeutic success whereas BChE activity did not. With only BChE at hand, this therapeutic effect would have been missed. As inhibition of AChE or BChE activity is determined, the CE-certified device is a global diagnostic tool for all ChE inhibitors including carbamates which might also be misused as chemical weapon. The ChE test kit is a helpful point-of-care device for the diagnosis of ChE inhibitor poisoning. Its small size and easy menu-driven use advocate procurement where nerve agent and OP pesticide exposure are possible.

CdAg Alloy@Polymer dots of Biginelli Polyamide for Highly Sensitive and Selective Recognition of Nerve Agent mimic in an Aqueous and Vapor phase

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manpreet Kaur ◽  
Navneet Kaur ◽  
Narinder Singh
Keyword(s):  
Vapor Phase ◽  
Nerve Agents ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Selective Recognition ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Polymer Dots

In today’s world, toxic nerve agents pose a significant threat to humankind and their detection methodology requires an advanced, facile, desirable method that must be quickly responding, handy and economic....

Contingency Medical Countermeasures for Mass Nerve-Agent Exposure: Use of Pharmaceutical Alternatives to Community Stockpiled Antidotes

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (03) ◽  
pp. 605-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Schwartz ◽  
Mark E. Sutter ◽  
Derek Eisnor ◽  
Mark A. Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Homeland Security ◽  
Food And Drug Administration ◽  
Medical Toxicology ◽  
Chemical Exposure ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Government Procurement ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Medical Countermeasures

ABSTRACTHaving sufficient medical countermeasures (MCMs) available for the treatment of acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting nerve agent poisoned patients following a mass chemical exposure is a challenge for communities. After stockpiles containing auto-injectors are exhausted, communities need to be aware of alternative pharmaceutical options. The Department of Homeland Security Chemical Defense Program convened a federal interagency working group consisting of first responders, clinicians, and experts from the fields of medical toxicology, pharmacology, and emergency management. A literature review of pharmaceutical alternatives for treating nerve agent toxicity was performed. Pharmaceuticals that met the federal Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise Product Specific Requirements were prioritized. Food and Drug Administration approval for one indication, market availability, and alignment to government procurement strategy were considered. This article summarizes the literature on comparative pharmacokinetics and efficacy against nerve agents (where available) of Food and Drug Administration approved drugs with muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor agonist effects. This work is intended to serve as a resource of pharmaceutical options that may be available to communities (ie, emergency managers, planners, clinicians, and poison centers) when faced with a mass human exposure to a nerve agent and inadequate supplies of MCMs. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:605-612)

Chromogenic and fluorogenic multianalyte detection with a tuned receptor: refining selectivity for toxic anions and nerve agents

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (64) ◽  
pp. 59648-59656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinod Kumar ◽  
Hemlata Rana ◽  
G. Raviraju ◽  
Prabhat Garg ◽  
Anuradha Baghel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Agents ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Chemical Probe ◽  
Multianalyte Detection

In the present study, a chemical probe was finely tuned for the highly selective and sensitive chromogenic and fluorogenic detection of toxic anions and a nerve agent.

Future Considerations for the Medical Management of Nerve-Agent Intoxication

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 208-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pål Aas
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Nerve Agents ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
International Conflicts ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
The World ◽  
Warfare Agents

AbstractThe use of chemical warfare agents against civilians and unprotected troops in international conflicts or by terrorists against civilians is considered to be a real threat, particularly following the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001 against the World Trade Center in New York and against the Pentagon in Washington, DC. Over the past 10 years, terrorists have been planning to use or have used chemical warfare agents on several occasions around the world, and the attacks in 2001 illustrate their willingness to use any means of warfare to cause death and destruction among civilians. In spite of new international treaties with strong verification measures and with an aim to prohibit and prevent the use of weapons of mass destruction, nevertheless, some countries and terrorist groups have been able to develop, produce, and use such weapons, particularly nerve agents, in domestic terrorist attacks or during warfare in international conflicts. This article reviews current medical therapy for nerve-agent intoxication and discusses possible future improvement of medical therapies.Present medical counter-measures against nerve agents are not sufficiently effective particularly in protecting the brain. Therefore, new and more effective countermeasures must be developed to enable better medical treatment of civilians and military personnel following exposure to nerve agents. Therefore, it is important with an enhanced effort by all countries, to improve and increase research in medical countermeasures, in the development of protective equipment, and in carrying out regular training of medical and emergency personnel as well as of military nuclear, biological, or chemical (NBC) units. Only then will nations be able to reduce the risk from and prevent the use of such weapons of mass destruction (WMD).

Nanoscavenger provides long-term prophylactic protection against nerve agents in rodents

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (473) ◽  
pp. eaau7091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Zhang ◽  
Erik J. Liu ◽  
Caroline Tsao ◽  
Shane A. Kasten ◽  
Michael V. Boeri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Profile ◽  
Nerve Agents ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Prophylactic Administration ◽  
Guinea Pig Model ◽  
Effective Drugs ◽  
Scavenging Efficiency

Nerve agents are a class of organophosphorus compounds (OPs) that blocks communication between nerves and organs. Because of their acute neurotoxicity, it is extremely difficult to rescue the victims after exposure. Numerous efforts have been devoted to search for an effective prophylactic nerve agent bioscavenger to prevent the deleterious effects of these compounds. However, low scavenging efficiency, unfavorable pharmacokinetics, and immunological problems have hampered the development of effective drugs. Here, we report the development and testing of a nanoparticle-based nerve agent bioscavenger (nanoscavenger) that showed long-term protection against OP intoxication in rodents. The nanoscavenger, which catalytically breaks down toxic OP compounds, showed a good pharmacokinetic profile and negligible immune response in a rat model of OP intoxication. In vivo administration of the nanoscavenger before or after OP exposure in animal models demonstrated protective and therapeutic efficacy. In a guinea pig model, a single prophylactic administration of the nanoscavenger effectively prevented lethality after multiple sarin exposures over a 1-week period. Our results suggest that the prophylactic administration of the nanoscavenger might be effective in preventing the toxic effects of OP exposure in humans.

Selective real-time detection of gaseous nerve agent simulants using multiwavelength photoacoustics

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (16) ◽  
pp. 3474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristan P. Gurton ◽  
Melvin Felton ◽  
Richard Tober
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Real Time Detection
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