Vertebral Malformation in the Mouse Foetus Caused by Maternal Hypoxia During Early Stages of Pregnancy

Development ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-118
Author(s):  
Ujihiro Murakami ◽  
Yoshiro Kameyama
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Oxygen Deficiency ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Vertebral Malformation ◽  
Developmental Disturbances ◽  
Pregnant Mice ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Maternal Hypoxia

Many experiments have recently been conducted to investigate the effects of oxygen deficiency upon embryonic development. Embryos offish, amphibia and birds have most frequently been used. Of all these experiments, those of Stockard (1921), of Büchner and his co-workers, and particularly of Rübsaamen (1952), were the most striking. Experiments employing mammals have been very few. Subjecting mice to hypoxia in the early stages of pregnancy Ingalls, Curley & Prindle (1950) could analyse the developmental disturbances observable in the offspring. Werthemann, Reiniger & Thoelen (1950) and Werthemann & Reiniger (1950) used the rabbit and rat in similar experiments. Murakami, Kameyama & Kato (1956) exposed pregnant mice to hypoxia on the eighth day of pregnancy and observed malformation of the central nervous system. Vertebrae were found to be malformed by Ingalls & Curley (1957) and by Degenhardt (1954, 1959) after oxygen deficiency. Badtke, Degenhardt & Lund (1959) also described cranio-facial dysplasia in the progeny of rabbits treated with hypoxia.

scholarly journals The embryonically active gene, unkempt, of Drosophila encodes a Cys3His finger protein.

Genetics ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Mohler ◽  
N Weiss ◽  
S Murli ◽  
S Mohammadi ◽  
K Vani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Protein Product ◽  
Active Gene ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Finger Protein ◽  
Somatic Tissues ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Abstract The unkempt gene of Drosophila encodes a set of embryonic RNAs, which are abundant during early stages of embryogenesis and are present ubiquitously in most somatic tissues from the syncytial embryo through stage 15 of embryogenesis. Expression of unkempt RNAs becomes restricted predominantly to the central nervous system in stages 16 and early 17. Analysis of cDNAs from this locus reveals the presence of five Cys3His fingers in the protein product. Isolation and analysis of mutations affecting the unkempt gene, including complete deletions of this gene, indicate that there is no zygotic requirement for unkempt during embryogenesis, presumably due to the contribution of maternally supplied RNA, although the gene is essential during post-embryonic development.

Transection of the Spinal Cord in Developing Xenopus Laevis

Development ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-126
Author(s):  
R. T. Sims
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Adult Fish ◽  
Regenerative Capacity ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Development Proceeds

The literature on regeneration in the central nervous system of vertebrates has been reviewed exhaustively by Windle (1955, 1956). Adult fish and urodeles reestablish physiological and anatomical continuity of the spinal cord after it has been completely transected while adult anurans (Piatt & Piatt, 1958) and mammals on the whole do not. In all groups of vertebrates regeneration is more successful in the period of early embryonic development, and becomes less so as development proceeds. Experiments designed to investigate the factors responsible for this change demand an animal in which the difference in the regenerative capacity of embryonic and adult form is marked, and all stages of development are easily accessible for operative procedures. These criteria are satisfied by Anura. For this reason regeneration in the anuran central nervous system merits further investigation. After spinal cord transection in urodele larvae, Piatt (1955) found that the Mauthner axons did not regenerate although other axons around them did.

Monofocal origin of telencephalic oligodendrocytes in the anterior entopeduncular area of the chick embryo

Development ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 128 (10) ◽  
pp. 1757-1769 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Olivier ◽  
I. Cobos ◽  
E.M. Perez Villegas ◽  
N. Spassky ◽  
B. Zalc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells ◽  
Chick Brain ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Oligodendrocytes are the myelin-forming cells in the central nervous system. In the brain, oligodendrocyte precursors arise in multiple restricted foci, distributed along the caudorostral axis of the ventricular neuroepithelium. In chick embryonic hind-, mid- and caudal forebrain, oligodendrocytes have a basoventral origin, while in the rostral fore-brain oligodendrocytes emerge from alar territories (Perez Villegas, E. M., Olivier, C., Spassky, N., Poncet, C., Cochard, P., Zalc, B., Thomas, J. L. and Martinez, S. (1999) Dev. Biol. 216, 98–113). To investigate the respective territories colonized by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells that originate from either the basoventral or alar foci, we have created a series of quail-chick chimeras. Homotopic chimeras demonstrate clearly that, during embryonic development, oligodendrocyte progenitors that emerge from the alar anterior entopeduncular area migrate tangentially to invade the entire telencephalon, whereas those from the basal rhombomeric foci show a restricted rostrocaudal distribution and colonize only their rhombomere of origin. Heterotopic chimeras indicate that differences in the migratory properties of oligodendroglial cells do not depend on their basoventral or alar ventricular origin. Irrespective of their origin (basal or alar), oligodendrocytes migrate only short distances in the hindbrain and long distances in the prosencephalon. Furthermore, we provide evidence that, in the developing chick brain, all telencephalic oligodendrocytes originate from the anterior entopeduncular area and that the prominent role of anterior entopeduncular area in telencephalic oligodendrogenesis is conserved between birds and mammals.

scholarly journals Neuropile organization in the brain of Acromyrmex (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) during the post-embryonic development

2004 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 635-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Andréa Oliveira Soares ◽  
Jacques Hubert Charles Delabie ◽  
José Eduardo Serrão
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Acromyrmex Octospinosus ◽  
Holometabolous Insect ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Neuropile is the region of the central nervous system where the synapses and neurons branching occur. During the development of an holometabolous insect can occurs break of the neurons fibers forming new axon and dendrites and their distribution in brain neuropile is organized so as to reflect specific nervous functions of adult insects. The components of this organization were observed and discussed in this study in the ant Acromyrmex octospinosus, evidencing similar features to those described for A. subterraneus subterraneus, among other insects for the which ones this information is available.

Axon Regeneration in the Central Nervous System: Facing the Challenges from the Inside

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 495-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Curcio ◽  
Frank Bradke
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Axonal Transport ◽  
Axon Regeneration ◽  
Epigenetic Modifications ◽  
Cns Injury ◽  
Cytoskeletal Dynamics ◽  
The Central Nervous System

After an injury in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS), lesioned axons fail to regenerate. This failure to regenerate contrasts with axons’ remarkable potential to grow during embryonic development and after an injury in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Several intracellular mechanisms—including cytoskeletal dynamics, axonal transport and trafficking, signaling and transcription of regenerative programs, and epigenetic modifications—control axon regeneration. In this review, we describe how manipulation of intrinsic mechanisms elicits a regenerative response in different organisms and how strategies are implemented to form the basis of a future regenerative treatment after CNS injury.

Expression of en and wg in the embryonic head and brain of Drosophila indicates a refolded band of seven segment remnants

Development ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Schmidt-Ott ◽  
G.M. Technau
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Germ Band ◽  
Segment Polarity Genes ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Head Formation ◽  
Segment Polarity ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Embryonic Head

Based on the expression pattern of the segment polarity genes engrailed and wingless during the embryonic development of the larval head, we found evidence that the head of Drosophila consists of remnants of seven segments (4 pregnathal and 3 gnathal) all of which contribute cells to neuromeres in the central nervous system. Until completion of germ band retraction, the four pregnathal segment remnants and their corresponding neuromeres become arranged in an S-shape. We discuss published evidence for seven head segments and morphogenetic movements during head formation in various insects (and crustaceans).

scholarly journals FORMATION OF MYELIN IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF MICE AND RATS, AS STUDIED WITH THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

1956 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 777-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Luse
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord

Sections of brain and spinal cord of mice and rats at 1, 3, 5, and 17 days after birth were examined with the electron microscope. In the early stages of myelinization only two to four lamellae surround the axon. These laminae are formed from the plasma membraces of glial processes, and in particular of oligodendroglial processes. In a later stage of myelinization a larger number of flattened glial processes surround the axon with enclosed cytoplasm trapped within some of the membranes. Multiple extensions of the membranes of the flattened glial processes to the lamellae of the myelinated sheath are evident at this stage, with a variable number of membranes within the sheath at various positions along the fiber. Newly formed myelinated sheaths are sometimes larger than their enclosed fibers, extending as a projection of sheath which does not surround axoplasm. Loci are present in which the myelinated sheath is incomplete or interrupted.

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