Transection of the Spinal Cord in Developing Xenopus Laevis

Development ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-126
Author(s):  
R. T. Sims
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Adult Fish ◽  
Regenerative Capacity ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Development Proceeds

The literature on regeneration in the central nervous system of vertebrates has been reviewed exhaustively by Windle (1955, 1956). Adult fish and urodeles reestablish physiological and anatomical continuity of the spinal cord after it has been completely transected while adult anurans (Piatt & Piatt, 1958) and mammals on the whole do not. In all groups of vertebrates regeneration is more successful in the period of early embryonic development, and becomes less so as development proceeds. Experiments designed to investigate the factors responsible for this change demand an animal in which the difference in the regenerative capacity of embryonic and adult form is marked, and all stages of development are easily accessible for operative procedures. These criteria are satisfied by Anura. For this reason regeneration in the anuran central nervous system merits further investigation. After spinal cord transection in urodele larvae, Piatt (1955) found that the Mauthner axons did not regenerate although other axons around them did.

Central Nerve System Impairment, AMA Guides, Sixth Edition: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Jay Blaisdell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Impairment ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Injuries that affect the central nervous system (CNS) can be catastrophic because they involve the brain or spinal cord, and determining the underlying clinical cause of impairment is essential in using the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), in part because the AMA Guides addresses neurological impairment in several chapters. Unlike the musculoskeletal chapters, Chapter 13, The Central and Peripheral Nervous System, does not use grades, grade modifiers, and a net adjustment formula; rather the chapter uses an approach that is similar to that in prior editions of the AMA Guides. The following steps can be used to perform a CNS rating: 1) evaluate all four major categories of cerebral impairment, and choose the one that is most severe; 2) rate the single most severe cerebral impairment of the four major categories; 3) rate all other impairments that are due to neurogenic problems; and 4) combine the rating of the single most severe category of cerebral impairment with the ratings of all other impairments. Because some neurological dysfunctions are rated elsewhere in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, the evaluator may consult Table 13-1 to verify the appropriate chapter to use.

METABOLIC STUDIES WITH 131I-LABELED THYROXINE. II.

1963 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Grinberg
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Tentative Explanation

ABSTRACT Radiologically thyroidectomized female Swiss mice were injected intraperitoneally with 131I-labeled thyroxine (T4*), and were studied at time intervals of 30 minutes and 4, 28, 48 and 72 hours after injection, 10 mice for each time interval. The organs of the central nervous system and the pituitary glands were chromatographed, and likewise serum from the same animal. The chromatographic studies revealed a compound with the same mobility as 131I-labeled triiodothyronine in the organs of the CNS and in the pituitary gland, but this compound was not present in the serum. In most of the chromatographic studies, the peaks for I, T4 and T3 coincided with those for the standards. In several instances, however, such an exact coincidence was lacking. A tentative explanation for the presence of T3* in the pituitary gland following the injection of T4* is a deiodinating system in the pituitary gland or else the capacity of the pituitary gland to concentrate T3* formed in other organs. The presence of T3* is apparently a characteristic of most of the CNS (brain, midbrain, medulla and spinal cord); but in the case of the optic nerve, the compound is not present under the conditions of this study.

Bioelectrodes for Neural Prostheses

1985 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Terry Hambrecht
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Cochlear Implants ◽  
Neural Prostheses ◽  
The Future ◽  
Spinal Cord Disorders ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Auditory Prostheses

ABSTRACTNeural prostheses which are commercially available include cochlear implants for treating certain forms of deafness and urinary bladder evacuation prostheses for individuals with spinal cord disorders. In the future we can anticipate improvements in bioelectrodes and biomaterials which should permit more sophisticated devices such as visual prostheses for the blind and auditory prostheses for the deaf based on microstimulation of the central nervous system.

Some Points in the Histology of Lymphogenous and Hæmatogenous Toxic Lesions of the Spinal Cord

1908 ◽  
Vol 54 (226) ◽  
pp. 560-561
Author(s):  
David Orr ◽  
R. G. Rows
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Morphological Type ◽  
Broth Culture ◽  
Anatomical Distribution ◽  
Tabes Dorsalis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

At a quarterly meeting of this Association held last year at Nottingham, we showed the results of our experiments with toxins upon the spinal cord and brain of rabbits. Our main conclusion was, that the central nervous system could be infected by toxins passing up along the lymph channels of the perineural sheath. The method we employed in our experiments consisted in placing a celloidin capsule filled with a broth culture of an organism under the sciatic nerve or under the skin of the cheek; and we invariably found a resulting degeneration in the spinal cord or brain, according to the situation of the capsule. These lesions we found to be identical in morphological type and anatomical distribution with those found in the cord of early tabes dorsalis and in the brain and cord of general paralysis of the insane. The conclusion suggested by our work was that these two diseases, if toxic, were most probably infections of lymphogenous origin.

The Golgi Material of the Neurones of the Central Nervous System of Sheep Infected with Louping-Ill

1947 ◽  
Vol s3-88 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-63
Author(s):  
R. A. R. GRESSON ◽  
I. ZLOTNIK
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Medulla Oblongata ◽  
Motor Nerve ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Cell Processes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Louping Ill

1. The Golgi material of the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex, the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, and the multipolar cells of the medulla oblongata and ventral horns of the spinal cord of the sheep is present as filaments and as irregularly shaped bodies. In some of the cells, particularly in the lamb (Sheep V), the Golgi material has the appearance of a network. As it is frequently present as separate bodies it is suggested that it may always consist of discrete Golgi elements which are sometimes situated in close proximity or in contact with one another. Filamentous Golgi elements are present in the basal part of the cell processes. 2. An examination of neurones from the corresponding regions of the central nervous system of sheep infected experimentally with louping-ill showed that the Golgi material undergoes changes consequent upon the invasion of the cells by the virus. The Golgi material undergoes hypertrophy, and at the same time there is a reduction in the number of filamentous Golgi elements and a reduction in the amount of Golgi substance present in the cell processes. These changes are followed by fragmentation. All the neurones of a particular region are not affected equally at the same time. The Golgi material of the Purkinje cells tends to form groups in the cytoplasm prior to fragmentation. In the multipolar cells of the medulla oblongata the hypertrophy of the Golgi material is not as great as in the other regions of the central nervous system. The Golgi material of the motor nerve-cells of the ventral horns of the spinal cord undergoes considerable hypertrophy which is followed by a grouping of the Golgi elements and fragmentation.

scholarly journals Suppurative infectious diseases of the central nervous system in domestic ruminants

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 820-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Konradt ◽  
Daniele M. Bassuino ◽  
Klaus S. Prates ◽  
Matheus V. Bianchi ◽  
Gustavo G.M. Snel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Domestic Ruminants ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Positive Immunostaining

ABSTRACT: This study describes suppurative infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) in domestic ruminants of southern Brazil. Reports from 3.274 cattle, 596 sheep and 391 goats were reviewed, of which 219 cattle, 21 sheep and 7 goats were diagnosed with central nervous system inflammatory diseases. Suppurative infectious diseases of the CNS corresponded to 54 cases (28 cattle, 19 sheep and 7 goats). The conditions observed consisted of listerial meningoencephalitis (8 sheep, 5 goats and 4 cattle), suppurative leptomeningitis and meningoencephalitis (14 cattle, 2 goats and 1 sheep), cerebral (6 cattle and 2 sheep), and spinal cord (7 sheep) abscesses, and basilar empyema (4 cattle and 1 sheep). Bacterial culture identified Listeria monocytogenes (9/54 cases), Escherichia coli (7/54 cases), Trueperella pyogenes (6/54 cases) and Proteus mirabilis (1/54 cases). All cases diagnosed as listeriosis through histopathology yielded positive immunostaining on immunohistochemistry, while 12/17 of the cases of suppurative leptomeningitis and meningoencephalitis presented positive immunostaining for Escherichia coli. Meningoencephalitis by L. monocytogenes was the main neurological disease in sheep and goats, followed by spinal cord abscesses in sheep. In cattle, leptomeningitis and suppurative meningoencephalitis was the most frequent neurological disease for the species, and E. coli was the main cause of these lesions. Basilar empyema, mainly diagnosed in cattle, is related to traumatic injuries, mainly in the nasal cavity, and the main etiologic agent was T. pyogenes.

scholarly journals Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma with distant spinal cord metastasis: case and MR-imaging

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 158-164
Author(s):  
N. A. Strumila ◽  
A. S. Krasnov ◽  
M. M. Andrianov ◽  
G. V. Teresсhenko
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
Soft Tissue Sarcomas ◽  
Distant Metastases ◽  
Good Prognosis ◽  
Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (eRMS) is one of the most common soft tissue sarcomas in children, accounting for 4.5% of all childhood tumors. Half of the eRMS occuring in the head and neck are parameningeal. About 40% of patients with eRMS can develop distant metastases. In patients with intracranial tumors, metastatic spread can occur along the central nervous system (CNS) meninges. The literature describes only 4 clinical cases of eRMS with distant metastases in the spinal cord and along the meninges. Only in two out of these four cases, CSF cytology was positive (meaning that tumor cells were detected in cerebrospinal fluid). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the central nervous system with contrast enhancement can be used to detect distant metastases in the CNS and meninges. We present a clinical case of a 4-year old girl with parameningeal eRMS. MRI of the CNS performed as part of a diagnostic check-up revealed nodal metastatic foci along the meninges of the spinal cord. In accordance with the treatment protocol, the patient was diagnosed with stage 4 disease and received intensive polychemotherapy resulting in the disappearance of the nodal lesions in the spinal cord and a good prognosis. The parents gave their consent to the use of their child's data, including photographs, for research purposes and in publications.

scholarly journals QT Dispersion: A Predictor of Outcome Following Acute Neurologic Events

Stroke ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. 343-343
Author(s):  
Elzbieta J Wirkowski ◽  
Joseph Moonjely ◽  
Todd J Cohen ◽  
Stephanie M Manzella ◽  
Richard H Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Functional Outcome ◽  
Qt Dispersion ◽  
Neurological Injury ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Qt Intervals ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Adjusted Logistic Regression

P26 BACKGROUND: QT dispersion (QTD) reflects heterogeneity of myocardial repolarization, which is modulated by the central nervous system. Pervious studies have shown increased QTD to be a predictor of adverse outcome in various cardiac disease states. However, the central nervous system effects on QTD and its relation to functional outcomes have not been previously studied in patients with acute neurological events (NE). The objective of this study was to determine whether increased QTD is related to functional outcome in patients with cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) and transient ischemic attacks (TIA). METHODS: We studied 140 consecutive pts. aged 72±10 yrs. (48% male) admitted to our institution with NE from 1/98 to 4/98. QTD was calculated from admission EKG as the difference between maximum and minimum QT intervals. 120 pts. had interpretable EKGs with measurable QT intervals in at least 11 of 12 leads. Three separate functional scales (NIHSS, Barthel, and Rankin) were obtained on admission and discharge were recorded. RESULTS: QTD was higher in pts. with intracerebral hemorrhage as compared to CVA and TIA (70±15 vs. 53±27 vs. 48±31 msecs. p=0.03). Increased QTD was associated with lower functional outcome on all 3 scales (all p<0.05) and with higher mortality (p=0.02). QTD was higher in pts. with congestive heart failure (80±43 vs. 47±24 msecs. p=0.006) and carotid disease (59±32 vs. 46±27 msecs. p=0.045) as compared to those without. QTD was not associated with atrial fibrillation or coronary disease. All patients with TIA survived. On multivariate analysis, other independent predictors of poorer outcome were QTD (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.08–1.68) and a trend towards age (OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.99–1.16). On age-adjusted logistic regression, mortality increased by an OR 1.28, 95% (CI 1.02–1.61) for every 10 msec increase in QTD. CONCLUSION: QTD is an independent predictor of functional outcome and mortality following acute neurological events. In this setting, QTD reflects acute neurological injury as well as underlying heart disease. The mechanism of these findings merits further study.

scholarly journals Growth-Promoting Treatment Screening for Corticospinal Neurons in Mouse and Man

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 1327-1338
Author(s):  
Nicholas Hanuscheck ◽  
Andrea Schnatz ◽  
Carine Thalman ◽  
Steffen Lerch ◽  
Yvonne Gärtner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Regenerative Capacity ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Tissue Culture Model ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cone Formation ◽  
New Treatments

Abstract Neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) that project long axons into the spinal cord have a poor axon regenerative capacity compared to neurons of the peripheral nervous system. The corticospinal tract (CST) is particularly notorious for its poor regeneration. Because of this, traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition that remains as yet uncured. Based on our recent observations that direct neuronal interleukin-4 (IL-4) signaling leads to repair of axonal swellings and beneficial effects in neuroinflammation, we hypothesized that IL-4 acts directly on the CST. Here, we developed a tissue culture model for CST regeneration and found that IL-4 promoted new growth cone formation after axon transection. Most importantly, IL-4 directly increased the regenerative capacity of both murine and human CST axons, which corroborates its regenerative effects in CNS damage. Overall, these findings serve as proof-of-concept that our CST regeneration model is suitable for fast screening of new treatments for SCI.

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