Analysis of the development of the nervous system of the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio

In teleost fishes, unlike many other vertebrates, the spinal cord originates as a solid structure, the neural keel, which subsequently hollows out. Unlike vertebrates in which the neural tube is formed from neural folds, and where the neural crest arises from wedge-shaped masses of tissue connecting the neural tube to the general ectoderm, teleosts do not possess a clear morphological neural crest. Initially, the dorsal surface of the keel is broadly attached to the ectoderm as described by Shepard (1961). As the neural primordia become larger and more discrete, the region of attachment narrows, and cells become loose (the ‘loose crest stage’). These cells represent the neural crest. Subsequently they begin to migrate and to differentiate into the various derivatives of neural crest. Both sensory and sympathetic neurons arise from neural crest. At the time of their migration the cells are not morphologically distinguishable.

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Retinoid-binding protein distribution in the developing mammalian nervous system

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.109.1.75 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 109 (1) ◽

pp. 75-80 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

M. Maden ◽

D.E. Ong ◽

F. Chytil

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Retinoic Acid ◽

Neural Crest ◽

Motor Neurons ◽

Neural Tube ◽

Binding Protein ◽

Sympathetic Ganglia ◽

Retinol Binding Protein ◽

Otic Vesicle ◽

Protein Distribution

We have analysed the distribution of cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP) and cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (CRABP) in the day 8.5-day 12 mouse and rat embryo. CRBP is localised in the heart, gut epithelium, notochord, otic vesicle, sympathetic ganglia, lamina terminalis of the brain, and, most strikingly, in a ventral stripe across the developing neural tube in the future motor neuron region. This immunoreactivity remains in motor neurons and, at later stages, motor axons are labelled in contrast to unlabelled sensory axons. CRABP is localised to the neural crest cells, which are particularly noticeable streaming into the branchial arches. At later stages, neural crest derivatives such as Schwann cells, cells in the gut wall and sympathetic ganglia are immunoreactive. An additional area of CRABP-positive cells are neuroblasts in the mantle layer of the neural tube, which subsequently appear to be the axons and cell bodies of the commissural system. Since retinol and retinoic acid are the endogenous ligands for these binding proteins, we propose that retinoids may play a role in the development and differentiation of the mammalian nervous system and may interact with certain homoeobox genes whose transcripts have also been localised within the nervous system.

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Neurotrophins affect the pattern of DRG neurite growth in a bioassay that presents a choice of CNS and PNS substrates

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.121.5.1301 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 121 (5) ◽

pp. 1301-1309 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. Tuttle ◽

W.D. Matthew

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Sciatic Nerve ◽

Sympathetic Neurons ◽

Neurite Growth ◽

Drg Neurons ◽

Substrate Preferences

Neurons can be categorized in terms of where their axons project: within the central nervous system, within the peripheral nervous system, or through both central and peripheral environments. Examples of these categories are cerebellar neurons, sympathetic neurons, and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, respectively. When explants containing one type of neuron were placed between cryosections of neonatal or adult sciatic nerve and neonatal spinal cord, the neurites exhibited a strong preference for the substrates that they would normally encounter in vivo: cerebellar neurites generally extended only on spinal cord, sympathetic neurites on sciatic nerve, and DRG neurites on both. Neurite growth from DRG neurons has been shown to be stimulated by neurotrophins. To determine whether neurotrophins might also affect the substrate preferences of neurites, DRG were placed between cryosections of neonatal spinal cord and adult sciatic nerve and cultured for 36 to 48 hours in the presence of various neurotrophins. While DRG cultured in NGF-containing media exhibited neurite growth over both spinal cord and sciatic nerve substrates, in the absence of neurotrophins DRG neurites were found almost exclusively on the CNS cryosection. To determine whether these neurotrophin-dependent neurite patterns resulted from the selective survival of subpopulations of DRG neurons with distinct neurite growth characteristics, a type of rescue experiment was performed: DRG cultured in neurotrophin-free medium were fed with NGF-containing medium after 36 hours in vitro and neurite growth examined 24 hours later; most DRG exhibited extensive neurite growth on both peripheral and central nervous system substrates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Neurodevelopment

New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry ◽

10.1093/med/9780198713005.003.0011 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 91-100

Author(s):

Karl Zilles ◽

Nicola Palomero-Gallagher

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Nervous System ◽

Neural Tube ◽

Neural Plate ◽

Adult Brain ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Specialized Region ◽

The Brain ◽

Rostral Part ◽

Human Nervous System

The pre- and post-natal development of the human nervous system is briefly described, with special emphasis on the brain, particularly the cerebral and cerebellar cortices. The central nervous system originates from a specialized region of the ectoderm—the neural plate—which develops into the neural tube. The rostral part of the neural tube forms the adult brain, whereas the caudal part (behind the fifth somite) differentiates into the spinal cord. The embryonic brain has three vesicular enlargements: the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain. The histogenesis of the spinal cord, hindbrain, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex, including myelination, is discussed. The chapter closes with a description of the development of the hemispheric shape and the formation of gyri.

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Developmental Overview of Central Neuroanatomy

10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0003 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Peggy Mason

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Central Nervous System ◽

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Nervous System ◽

Cerebral Cortex ◽

Neural Tube ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Dorsal Telencephalon ◽

Adult Spinal Cord ◽

The Brain

The central nervous system develops from a proliferating tube of cells and retains a tubular organization in the adult spinal cord and brain, including the forebrain. Failure of the neural tube to close at the front is lethal, whereas failure to close the tube at the back end produces spina bifida, a serious neural tube defect. Swellings in the neural tube develop into the hindbrain, midbrain, diencephalon, and telencephalon. The diencephalon sends an outpouching out of the cranium to form the retina, providing an accessible window onto the brain. The dorsal telencephalon forms the cerebral cortex, which in humans is enormously expanded by growth in every direction. Running through the embryonic neural tube is an internal lumen that becomes the cerebrospinal fluid–containing ventricular system. The effects of damage to the spinal cord and forebrain are compared with respect to impact on self and potential for improvement.

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A pluri- és multipotencia határán: a ganglionléc őssejtjei

Orvosi Hetilap ◽

10.1556/650.2015.30271 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 156 (42) ◽

pp. 1683-1694

Author(s):

Gyöngyi Kudlik ◽

Zsolt Matula ◽

Tamás Kovács ◽

S. Veronika Urbán ◽

Ferenc Uher

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Nervous System ◽

Neural Crest ◽

Cell Biology ◽

Pigment Cells ◽

Stem Cell Biology ◽

Vertebrate Embryos ◽

Derivatives Of ◽

Review Current ◽

Migratory Cell

The neural crest is a transient, multipotent, migratory cell population that is unique to vertebrate embryos and gives rise to many derivatives, ranging from the neuronal and glial components of the peripheral nervous system to the ectomesenchymal derivatives of the craniofacial area and pigment cells in the skin. Intriguingly, the neural crest derived stem cells are not only present in the embryonic neural crest, but also in their target tissues in the fetus and adult. These postmigratory stem cells, at least partially, resemble their multipotency. Moreover, fully differentiated neural crest-derived cells such as Schwann cells and melanocytes are able to dedifferentiate into stem-like progenitors. Here the authors review current understanding of this unique plasticity and its potential application in stem cell biology as well as in regenerative medicine. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(42), 1683–1694.

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Vital dye labelling demonstrates a sacral neural crest contribution to the enteric nervous system of chick and mouse embryos

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.111.4.857 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 111 (4) ◽

pp. 857-866 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

G.N. Serbedzija ◽

S. Burgan ◽

S.E. Fraser ◽

M. Bronner-Fraser

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Neural Crest ◽

Enteric Nervous System ◽

Neural Tube ◽

Neural Crest Cells ◽

Mouse Embryos ◽

Chick Embryos ◽

Vital Dye ◽

Dorsal Portion ◽

Sacral Neural Crest

We have used the vital dye, DiI, to analyze the contribution of sacral neural crest cells to the enteric nervous system in chick and mouse embryos. In order to label premigratory sacral neural crest cells selectively, DiI was injected into the lumen of the neural tube at the level of the hindlimb. In chick embryos, DiI injections made prior to stage 19 resulted in labelled cells in the gut, which had emerged from the neural tube adjacent to somites 29–37. In mouse embryos, neural crest cells emigrated from the sacral neural tube between E9 and E9.5. In both chick and mouse embryos, DiI-labelled cells were observed in the rostral half of the somitic sclerotome, around the dorsal aorta, in the mesentery surrounding the gut, as well as within the epithelium of the gut. Mouse embryos, however, contained consistently fewer labelled cells than chick embryos. DiI-labelled cells first were observed in the rostral and dorsal portion of the gut. Paralleling the maturation of the embryo, there was a rostral-to-caudal sequence in which neural crest cells populated the gut at the sacral level. In addition, neural crest cells appeared within the gut in a dorsal-to-ventral sequence, suggesting that the cells entered the gut dorsally and moved progressively ventrally. The present results resolve a long-standing discrepancy in the literature by demonstrating that sacral neural crest cells in both the chick and mouse contribute to the enteric nervous system in the postumbilical gut.

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Migrating neural crest cells in the trunk of the avian embryo are multipotent

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.112.4.913 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 112 (4) ◽

pp. 913-920 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

S.E. Fraser ◽

M. Bronner-Fraser

Keyword(s):

Neural Crest ◽

Neural Tube ◽

Sympathetic Neurons ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Neural Crest Cells ◽

Cell Types ◽

Sympathetic Ganglia ◽

Avian Embryo ◽

Developmental Potential ◽

Trunk Neural Crest

Trunk neural crest cells migrate extensively and give rise to diverse cell types, including cells of the sensory and autonomic nervous systems. Previously, we demonstrated that many premigratory trunk neural crest cells give rise to descendants with distinct phenotypes in multiple neural crest derivatives. The results are consistent with the idea that neural crest cells are multipotent prior to their emigration from the neural tube and become restricted in phenotype after leaving the neural tube either during their migration or at their sites of localization. Here, we test the developmental potential of migrating trunk neural crest cells by microinjecting a vital dye, lysinated rhodamine dextran (LRD), into individual cells as they migrate through the somite. By two days after injection, the LRD-labelled clones contained from 2 to 67 cells, which were distributed unilaterally in all embryos. Most clones were confined to a single segment, though a few contributed to sympathetic ganglia over two segments. A majority of the clones gave rise to cells in multiple neural crest derivatives. Individual migrating neural crest cells gave rise to both sensory and sympathetic neurons (neurofilament-positive), as well as cells with the morphological characteristics of Schwann cells, and other non-neuronal cells (both neurofilament-negative). Even those clones contributing to only one neural crest derivative often contained both neurofilament-positive and neurofilament-negative cells. Our data demonstrate that migrating trunk neural crest cells can be multipotent, giving rise to cells in multiple neural crest derivatives, and contributing to both neuronal and non-neuronal elements within a given derivative.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Development of the central nervous system

Anatomy for Dental Students ◽

10.1093/oso/9780199234462.003.0027 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Martin E. Atkinson

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Nervous System ◽

Neural Tube ◽

Large Diameter ◽

Floor Plate ◽

Neural Plate ◽

Ependymal Cells ◽

High Dose ◽

Neuronal Processes ◽

Mantle Layer

The early development of the nervous system, the process of neurulation, has already been outlined in Chapter 8 and illustrated in Figure 8.4. To briefly recap, an area of dorsal ectoderm is induced by the underlying notochord to form the neural plate during the third week of development. The lateral edges of the neural plate rise to form the neural folds which eventually fold over and unite in the midline by the end of the fourth week to produce the neural tube. A distinct cell population on the crest of the neural folds, the neural crest, migrates from the forming neural tube to form various structures, including components of the peripheral nervous system. The closed neural tube consists of a large diameter anterior portion that will become the brain and a longer cylindrical posterior section, the future spinal cord. Initially, the neural plate is a single cell layer, but concentric layers of cells can be recognized by the time the neural tube has closed. An inner layer of ependymal cells surrounds the central spinal canal. Neuroblasts, the precursors of neurons, make up the bulk of the neural tube called the mantle layer; this will become the grey matter of the spinal cord. Neuroblasts do not extend processes until they have completed their differentiation. When the cells in a particular location are fully differentiated, the neuronal processes emerging from the neuroblasts form an outer marginal layer which ultimately becomes the white matter of the spinal cord. Figure 19.1B shows that the neural tube changes shape due to proliferation of cells in the mantle layer. This figure also indicates two midline structures in the roof and floor of the tube, known as the roof plate and floor plate. They are important in the determination of the types of neurons that develop from the mantle layer. The floor plate is induced by the expression of a protein product of a gene called sonic hedgehog (SHH) produced by the underlying notochord; the floor plate then expresses the same gene itself. Neuroblasts nearest to the floor plate receive a high dose of SHH protein and respond by differentiating into motor neurons; as seen in Figure 19.1B, these cells group together to form bilateral ventrolateral basal plates.

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Bovine central nervous system development

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5020 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 147-153

Author(s):

Amanda O. Ferreira ◽

Bruno G. Vasconcelos ◽

Phelipe O. Favaron ◽

Amilton C. Santos ◽

Rafael M. Leandro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Neural Tube ◽

Developmental Process ◽

System Development ◽

Central Canal ◽

Nervous System Development ◽

Bovine Embryo ◽

Gestational Period

ABSTRACT: Central nervous system (CNS) development researches are extremely important to the most common congenital disorders and organogenesis comprehension. However, few studies show the entire developmental process during the critical period. Present research can provide data to new researches related to normal development and abnormalities and changes that occur along the CNS organogenesis, especially nowadays with the need for preliminary studies in animal models, which could be used for experimental research on the influence of viruses, such as the influence of Zika virus on the development of the neural system and its correlation with microcephaly in human newborns. Then, present study describes CNS organogenesis in cattle according to microscopic and macroscopic aspects, identifying structures and correlating to gestational period. Fourteen embryos and nine bovine fetuses at different ages were collected and analyzed. All individuals were measured in order to detect the gestational period. Bovine embryo at 17 days age has its neural tube, cranial neuropore, caudal neuropore and somites developed. After 24 days of development, were observed in cranial part of neural tube five encephalic vesicles denominated: telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon and myelencephalon. In addition, the caudal part of neural tube was identified with the primitive spinal cord. The primordial CNS differentiation occurred from 90 to 110 days. The five encephalic vesicles, primordial spinal cord and the cavities: third ventricule, mesencephalic aqueduct, fourth ventricle and central canal in spinal cord were observed. With 90 days, the main structures were identified: (1) cerebral hemispheres, corpus callosum and fornix, of the telencephalon; (2) interthalamic adhesion, thalamus, hypothalamus and epythalamus (glandula pinealis), of the diencephalon; (3) cerebral peduncles and quadruplets bodies, of the mesencephalon; (4) pons and cerebellum, of the metencephalon; (5) medulla oblongata or bulb, of the myelencephalon; and (6) spinal cord, of the primitive spinal cord. After 110 days of gestation, the five encephalic vesicles and its structures were completely developed. It was noted the presence of the spinal cord with the cervicothoracic and lumbossacral intumescences. In summary, the results describes the formation of the neural tube from the neural plate of the ectoderm, the encephalic vesicles derived from the neural tube and subsequent structural and cavities subdivisions, thus representing the complete embryology of the central nervous system.

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