scholarly journals APETALA2 functions as a temporal factor together with BLADE-ON-PETIOLE2 and MADS29 to control flower and grain development in barley

Development ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. dev.194894
Author(s):  
Jennifer R. Shoesmith ◽  
Charles Ugochukwu Solomon ◽  
Xiujuan Yang ◽  
Laura G. Wilkinson ◽  
Scott Sheldrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Tissue Differentiation ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Maternal Tissue ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Organ Identity ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality ◽  
Temperate Cereal

Cereal grain develops from fertilised florets. Alterations in floret and grain development greatly influence grain yield and quality. Despite this, little is known about the underlying genetic control of these processes, especially in key temperate cereals such as barley and wheat. Using a combination of near-isogenic mutant comparisons, gene editing and genetic analyses, we reveal that HvAPETALA2 (HvAP2) controls floret organ identity, floret boundaries, and maternal tissue differentiation and elimination during grain development. These new roles of HvAP2 correlate with changes in grain size and HvAP2-dependent expression of specific HvMADS-box genes, including the B-sister gene, HvMADS29. Consistent with this, gene editing demonstrates that HvMADS29 shares roles with HvAP2 in maternal tissue differentiation. We also discovered that a gain-of-function HvAP2 allele masks changes in floret organ identity and grain size due to loss of barley LAXATUM.A/ BLADE-ON-PETIOLE2 (HvBOP2) gene function. Taken together, we reveal novel, pleiotropic roles and regulatory interactions for an APETALA2-like gene controlling floret and grain development in a temperate cereal.

scholarly journals Grain Size Selection Using Novel Functional Markers Targeting 14 Genes in Rice

Rice ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Zhang ◽  
Bin Ma ◽  
Zhong Bian ◽  
Xiaoyuan Li ◽  
Changquan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Functional Markers ◽  
Rice Breeding ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Grain Width ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality

Abstract Background Grain size is an extremely important aspect of rice breeding, affecting both grain yield and quality traits. It is controlled by multiple genes and tracking these genes in breeding schemes should expedite selection of lines with superior grain yield and quality, thus it is essential to develop robust, efficient markers. Result In this study, 14 genes related to grain size (GW2, GS2, qLGY3, GS3, GL3.1, TGW3, GS5, GW5, GS6, TGW6, GW6a, GLW7, GL7 and GW8) were selected for functional marker development. Twenty-one PCR-gel-based markers were developed to genotype the candidate functional nucleotide polymorphisms (FNPs) of these genes, and all markers can effectively recognize the corresponding allele types. To test the allele effects of different FNPs, a global collection of rice cultivars including 257 accessions from the Rice Diversity Panel 1 was used for allele mining, and four grain-size-related traits were investigated at two planting locations. Three FNPs for GW2, GS2 and GL3.1 were genotyped as rare alleles only found in cultivars with notably large grains, and the allele contributions of the remaining FNPs were clarified in both the indica and japonica subspecies. Significant trait contributions were found for most of the FNPs, especially GS3, GW5 and GL7. Of note, GW5 could function as a key regulator to coordinate the performance of other grain size genes. The allele effects of several FNPs were also tested by QTL analysis using an F2 population, and GW5 was further identified as the major locus with the largest contribution to grain width and length to width ratio. Conclusions The functional markers are robust for genotyping different cultivars and may facilitate the rational design of grain size to achieve a balance between grain yield and quality in future rice breeding efforts.

scholarly journals Genetic Variation in Grain Yield and Quality Traits of Spring Malting Barley

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1177
Author(s):  
Yuncai Hu ◽  
Gero Barmeier ◽  
Urs Schmidhalter
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Malting Barley ◽  
Brewing Industry ◽  
Quality Properties ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality

Cultivation of malting barley is particularly challenging as the requirements of growers, for high yield, and that of the brewing industry, seeking a specific quality criteria, must be met simultaneously. Furthermore, significant genotypic and environmental variations in grain yield and quality properties may occur. To investigate the relationships between grain yield and quality parameters of spring malting barley, a 2-year experiment was carried out in order to characterise the genotypic and year effects on grain yield, quality properties, and yield components of 23 high-yielding varieties of spring malting barley under optimal nitrogen (N) fertilisation. Compared to the grain quality properties of the grain protein content and the grain retention fraction of grain size >2.5 mm, less genotypic and environmental variation in grain yield was observed. Grain yield was closely related to spikes per m2, suggesting the importance of tiller formation and establishment as a decisive factor influencing malting barley yields. A major interactive effect of genotypes and year on grain size was observed. Regarding weather effects, the global radiation intensity during the post-anthesis phase was the major factor affecting the final grain size in this study. Grain protein content was primarily dependent on the year effect, suggesting that optimal N fertilisation levels must vary between years to ensure the correct protein content required for the needs of the brewing industry is met. Therefore, we recommend further development strategies addressing N fertilisation and soil N mineralisation to optimise the production of spring malting barley.

Stem rust epidemics and their effects on grain yield and quality in Australian barley cultivars

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Dill-Macky ◽  
RG Rees ◽  
GJ Platz
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Seedling Resistance ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Epidemic Development ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality ◽  
Field Plots

The progress of epidemics of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici strain 343-Anz-1,2,3,5,6 was examined in field plots of the Australian barley cultivars Clipper, Corvette, Galleon, Grimmett, Prior and Schooner. The barley Purple Nudum, reported to possess seedling resistance to Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, and the susceptible wheat Oxley were also examined. Additional rust-free treatments were maintained to provide comparisons of grain yield and quality. Differences in the rate of epidemic development between cultivars were found. Moderate epidemics developed in Clipper, Schooner, Grimmett and Prior and no significant losses in yield were detected in Grimmett or Prior. Severe epidemics developed in Galleon, Corvette and Oxley and reduced grain yield by about half. Yield reductions were generally associated with reduced grain size and weight.

Hormonal regulation of cereal endosperm development with a focus on rice (Oryza sativa)

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mafroz A. Basunia ◽  
Heather M. Nonhebel
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Rice Endosperm ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Relative Neglect ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Hormone Homeostasis ◽  
Model Grass

The endosperm of cereal grain forms the staple diet for most of the world’s population, and feeds much of their stock. Grain size and quality are determined largely by events taking place during coenocytic nuclear division, endosperm cellularisation and cell differentiation, and the production of storage molecules. Thus, understanding the complex signalling processes occurring at each of these steps is essential for maintaining and improving our food supply. Here, we critically review evidence for the effects of phytohormones on grain size, as well as hormone homeostasis, signalling and crosstalk. We focus on rice endosperm due to the importance of rice as a food crop and a model grass, as well as its relative neglect in recent reviews; however, data from other cereals are also discussed due to strong evidence for conserved signalling networks operating during grain development. Discussion is restricted to auxin, cytokinin, ethylene, abscisic acid and gibberellin. Our review highlights the need for accurate hormone determinations combined with information on gene expression. We present evidence for separate, localised signalling roles for auxin at different stages of grain development and highlight key research questions for other hormones where much less data are available.

Effect of Climate Change and Variety on Long-term Variation of Grain Yield and Quality in Winter Wheat in Kazakhstan

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Morgounov ◽  
A. Abugalieva ◽  
S. Martynov
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Term Variation ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality

Effect of Non-flooded Straw-mulching Cultivation on Grain Yield and Quality of Direct-seeding Rice

2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 1809-1818
Author(s):  
Zi-Chang ZHANG ◽  
Hong-Wei LI ◽  
Xue-Ming WANG ◽  
Li-Min YUAN ◽  
Zhi-Qin WANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Straw Mulching ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality

Effects of Anti-Sense Thioredoxin s on Grain Yield and Quality Prop-erties in Two Wheat Cultivars with Different Quality Types

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 1877-1882
Author(s):  
Jiang-Ping REN ◽  
Na WANG ◽  
Xin-Guo WANG ◽  
Yong-Chun LI ◽  
Hong-Bin NIU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document