Chondrogenesis in chick embryo somites grafted with adjacent and heterologous tissues

Development ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-234
Author(s):  
M. J. O'Hare
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Membrane Material ◽  
Grafting Technique ◽  
Cartilage Differentiation ◽  
Sulphated Glycosaminoglycans ◽  
Embryonic Ectoderm

A variety of heterologous tissues have been tested for the ability to promote cartilage differentiation in isolated chick-embryo somites, using a modified chorioallantoic grafting technique. Of the 12 tissues tested only 3- and 4-day embryonic ectoderm promoted somite chondrogenesis in somites that fail to chondrify when grafted in isolation. This activity of ectoderm was evident in grafts of somites isolated with adjacent ectoderm, and in grafts of somites recombined with ectoderm derived from several sources. Four-day embryonic limbbud ectoderm, including the apical ridge, was capable of promoting somite chondrogenesis, but to no greater extent than dorsal trunk ectoderm of the same age. It is suggested that the ability of embryonic ectoderm to promote cartilage differentiation in isolated somites is associated with its ability to synthesize basement membrane material (sulphated glycosaminoglycans and collagen), in association with adjacent somite mesoderm.

A histochemical study of sulphated glycosaminoglycans associated with the somites of the chick embryo

Development ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-208
Author(s):  
M. J. O'Hare
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Alcian Blue ◽  
Chondroitin Sulphate ◽  
Matrix Material ◽  
Paraxial Mesoderm ◽  
Membrane Material ◽  
Sulphated Glycosaminoglycans ◽  
Sulphated Glycosaminoglycan ◽  
Chondroitin Sulphate A

A histochemical analysis has been made of sulphated glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides) associated with chick embryo somites before and after the onset of overt cartilage differentiation. The sulphated glycosaminoglycans were distinguished and resolved into different types by the use of alcian blue at low pH and alcian blue ‘critical electrolyte concentration’ staining combined with hyaluronidase digestion. The newly formed somites are bounded on their dorsal, ventral, and medial surfaces by basement membrane material as they are delimited from the unsegmented paraxial mesoderm Such epithelial basement membrane material, which was first detected in association with the epiblast/mesoderm boundary in the stage-4 embryo, was found to contain a major chondroitin sulphate A/C fraction and a minor chondroitin sulphate B fraction. The notochord sheath contained similar sulphated glycosaminoglycans. Sulphated glycosaminoglycans were first detected between cells of the somite ‘core’ at stage 14 and were subsequently seen to accumulate around the cells of the developing sclerotome and later around cells of the dermatome; the myotome was devoid of such material at these stages (stage 14–20). These pre-cartilaginous sulphated glycosaminoglycans were also of the chondroitin sulphate A/C plus chondroitin sulphate B types. In contrast, the matrix material of newly forming vertebral cartilage, which was first seen in the anterior region of stage 21 embryos, was distinguished by its lack of a hyaluronidase-resistant sulphated glycosaminoglycan component, and therefore presumably contained only chondroitin sulphates A/C. Much later in development (after stage 33) small amounts of sulphated glycosaminoglycan with the staining properties of keratan sulphate were found in the perichordal and subperichondrial regions of the vertebral cartilage.

Ectoderm-mesoderm interactions in relation to limb-bud chondrogenesis in the chick embryo: transfilter cultures and ultrastructural studies

Development ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-87
Author(s):  
Madeleine Gumpel-Pinot
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Mesodermal Cell ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Cartilage Differentiation ◽  
Mesodermal Origin ◽  
Cell Processes

Limb ectoderm induces cartilage differentiation in mesoderm from chick embryo limb buds. Transfilter cultures have shown that this interaction requires ‘contact’ conditions and cannot take place at a distance. In vivo, a basement membrane is always present between ectoderm and mesoderm. The present paper demonstrates that the relationship between ectoderm and mesoderm is similar in vivo and in transfilter cultures. In culture conditions, the filter appears to be infiltrated by mesodermal cell outgrowths which form a continuous mesodermal cover on the filter. A basement membrane is always present between the mat of mesodermal cell processes and the ectoderm. Mesodermal cell processes are able to cross the Nuclepore filters (pore size 0·6–0·8 µm) within 15 min. After 2 h in culture, the surface of the filter opposite to the mesodermal explant is completely covered with mesodermal outgrowths. The extracellular material accumulating at the ectoderm-mesoderm interface appears to be mainly of mesodermal origin.

vitreal cells and specialized phagocytes in the chick embryo retina: A TEM and SEM study

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-331
Author(s):  
M.A. Cuadros ◽  
M.J. Martinez-Guerrero ◽  
A. Rios
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Intimate Contact ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Sem Study ◽  
Free Cells

In the chick embryo retina (days 3-4 of incubation), coinciding with an increase in cell death, specialized phagocytes characterized by intense acid phosphatase activity have been described. In these preparations, all free cells in the vitreal humor (vitreal cells) were strongly labeled. Conventional TEM and SEM techniques were used to characterize them and attempt to determine their relationship with retinal phagocytes.Two types of vitreal cells were distinguished. The first are located at some distance from the basement membrane of the neuroepithelium, and are rounded, with numerous vacuoles and thin cytoplasmic prolongations. Images of exo- and or endocytosis were frequent; the cells showed a well-developed Golgi apparatus (Fig. 1) In SEM images, the cells was covered with short cellular processes (Fig. 3). Cells lying parallel to or alongside the basement membrane are elongated. The plasma membrane is frequently in intimate contact with the basement membrane. These cells have generally a large cytoplasmic expansion (Fig. 5).

Ultrastructural evidence of transplacental transport of immunoglobulin G in bitches

Reproduction ◽  
2000 ◽  
pp. 315-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
MH Stoffel ◽  
AE Friess ◽  
SH Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Membrane Material ◽  
Ultrastructural Evidence ◽  
Cytotrophoblast Cells ◽  
Fetal Vessels

In dogs, passive immunity is conferred to fetuses and neonates by the transfer of maternal immunoglobulin G through the placenta during the last trimester of pregnancy and via the mammary gland after parturition, respectively. However, morphological evidence of transplacental transport is still lacking. The aim of the present study was to localize maternal immunoglobulin G in the labyrinthine zone and in the haemophagous zone of the canine placenta by means of immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry. In the labyrinthine zone, immunoglobulin G was detected in all the layers of the materno-fetal barrier including the fetal capillaries. Immunoreactivity was particularly prominent in maternal basement membrane material as well as in the syncytiotrophoblast. However, this evidence of transplacental transport of immunoglobulin G originated from a limited number of unevenly distributed maternal vessels only. In the cytotrophoblast of the haemophagous zone, immunoglobulin G was localized to phagolysosomes at various stages but was never detected within fetal vessels. The results indicate that maternal immunoglobulin G is degraded in cytotrophoblast cells of the hemophagous zone and, therefore, that transplacental transport is restricted to a subpopulation of maternal vessels in the labyrinthine zone.

Massive myoepithelial proliferation (myoepitheliosis) with lumpy deposits of basement membrane material closely associated with apocrine adenosis and ductal carcinomain situof the breast

2011 ◽  
Vol 61 (10) ◽  
pp. 615-617
Author(s):  
Tomonori Kawasaki ◽  
Toshio Oyama ◽  
Hiroshi Nakagomi ◽  
Kazushige Furuya ◽  
Tetsuo Kondo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Membrane Material

Studies on self-differentiating and induction capacities of Hensen's node using intracoelomic grafting technique

Development ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-558
Author(s):  
J. R. Viswanath ◽  
Leela Mulherkar
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Neural Tissue ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Germ Layer ◽  
Grafting Technique ◽  
Definite Combination

Living Hensen's node of the definitive primitive streak of chick embryo was prepared into ‘sandwiches’ with the competent ectoderm and the sandwich grafts were transplated into the 2·5 day chick embryo using the intracoelomic grafting technique of Hamburger. One hundred and twenty-four grafts were prepared and transplanted intracoelomically, 28 grafts were lost due to the death of the host embryos, 63 grafts did not differentiate at all, but 33 well-defined grafts were recovered, after cultivating the transplanted hosts for 12–14 days. All kinds of tissues from feather germs to neural tissue were found to have differentiated in the grafts. The more frequently occurring tissues were feather germs, epidermal vesicle, neural tissue, kidney and muscle. Other differentiations were the cartilage notochord and gut. No definite combination pattern has emerged from the tissues. But when the tissues were traced to their germ-layer derivation, 22 of them belonged to the mesodermal complex, 11 to the ectodermal complex and 8 to the endodermal complex. In the light of the above results, the probable existence of a mesodermal factor and an ectodermal factor independently responsible for the respective differentiations, as also the competence of the ectoderm, is discussed.

Spherulosis of the Breast

1999 ◽  
Vol 123 (7) ◽  
pp. 626-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eoghan E. Mooney ◽  
Naila Kayani ◽  
Fattaneh A. Tavassoli
Keyword(s):  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Invasive Carcinoma ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Membrane Material ◽  
Material Deposition ◽  
Immunohistochemical Profile

Abstract Objective.—Collagenous spherulosis of the breast is an uncommon localized pattern of basement membrane material deposition that may be mistaken for atypical proliferations or carcinoma. This report describes 9 cases in which the predominant or exclusive appearance of the spherules was basophilic instead of eosinophilic. Design.—The files of all cases of collagenous spherulosis diagnosed at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology were reviewed to ascertain the frequency of diagnosis. Results.—Spherulosis with a predominantly basophilic pattern had a histochemical and immunohistochemical profile similar to collagenous spherulosis and was associated with more collagenous-appearing forms in 7 of 9 cases. Review of 81 cases showed that collagenous spherulosis was correctly diagnosed in 15% of referrals and was mistaken for intraductal or invasive carcinoma in 11% of cases. Conclusions.—Mucinous and collagenous patterns appear to be related forms of spherulosis. They are underrecognized by pathologists and maybe mistaken for atypia or malignancy.

Interactions between mesoderm cells and the extracellular matrix following gastrulation in the chick embryo

1991 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-441
Author(s):  
A.J. Brown ◽  
E.J. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Cell Binding ◽  
Fab Fragment ◽  
Fibronectin Receptor ◽  
In Vitro Methods

In the gastrulating chick embryo, the mesoderm cells arise from the epiblast layer by ingression through the linear accumulation of cells called the primitive streak. The mesoderm cells emerge from the streak with a fibroblastic morphology and proceed to move away from the mid-line of the embryo using, as a substratum, the basement membrane of the overlying epiblast and the extracellular matrix. We have investigated the roles of fibronectin and laminin as putative substrata for mesoderm cells using complementary in vivo and in vitro methods. We have microinjected agents into the tissue space adjacent to the primitive streak of living embryos and, after further incubation, we have examined the embryos for perturbation of the mesoderm tissue. These agents were: cell-binding regions from fibronectin (RGDS) and laminin (YIGSR), antibodies to these glycoproteins, and a Fab' fragment of the antibody to fibronectin. We find that RGDS, antibody to fibronectin, and the Fab' fragment cause a decrease in the number of mesoderm cells spread on the basement membrane, and a perturbation of cell shape suggesting locomotory impairment. No such influence was seen with YIGSR or antibodies to laminin. These results were extended using in vitro methods in which mesoderm cells were cultured in fibronectin-free medium on fibronectin or laminin in the presence of various agents. These agents were: RGDS; YIGSR; antibodies to fibronectin, fibronectin receptor, laminin and vitronectin; and a Fab' fragment of the fibronectin antiserum. We find that cell attachment and spreading on fibronectin is impaired by RGDS, antiserum to fibronectin, the Fab' fragment of fibronectin antiserum, and antiserum to fibronectin receptor. The results suggest that although the RGDS site in fibronectin is important, it is probably not the only fibronectin cell-binding site involved in mediating the behaviour of the mesoderm cells. Cells growing on laminin were perturbed by YIGSR, RGDS and antibodies to laminin, suggesting that mesoderm cells are able to recognise at least two sites in the laminin molecule. We conclude that the in vivo dependence of mesoderm cells on fibronectin is confirmed, but that although these cells have the ability to recognise sites in laminin as mediators of attachment and spreading, the in vivo role of this molecule in mesoderm morphogenesis is not yet certain.

The structure and distribution of proteochondroitin sulphate during the formation of chick embryo feather germs

Development ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
KUNIO KITAMURA
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dorsal Skin ◽  
Superficial Dermis ◽  
Dermal Cells ◽  
Asymmetrically Distributed ◽  
Slow Turnover ◽  
Feather Buds

The dorsal skin of the chick embryo, in which feather germ forms, was found to synthesize two proteochondroitin sulphates, PCS-I and PCS-II and a proteoheparan sulphate, PHS. A monoclonal antibody (I3B9) was prepared against PCS-I, a higher molecular weight proteochondroitin sulphate. Distribution of PCS-I was immunohistochemically studied using I3B9. PCS-I was found in the epidermis, basement membrane and superficial dermis prior to formation of feather rudiments. As the feather rudiments formed, PCS-I was noted in a condensed area of dermal cells and in the basement membrane, while PCS-I decreased remarkably in the epidermal placode. The formation of feather buds resulted in a decrease in PCS-I in the region of dermal condensation and the basement membrane situated above this region. PCS-I was asymmetrically distributed in the feather filaments. The turnover of proteochondroitin sulphate was studied using autoradiography of [35S]sulphate. Proteochondroitin sulphate in the basement membrane and condensed dermis of the feather rudiments showed very slow turnover. On the other hand, the outgrowth of feather buds caused rapid turnover of proteochondroitin sulphate in the region of dermal condensation and basement membrane situated above this region. The mechanism for the uneven distribution of PCS-I during feather germ formation is discussed.

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