An autoradiographic analysis of the development of the chick trigeminal ganglion

Development ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-182
Author(s):  
Adele D'Amico-Martel ◽  
Drew M. Noden
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Trigeminal Ganglion ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Dark Neurons ◽  
Immature Neurons ◽  
Autoradiographic Analysis ◽  
The Times ◽  
Unique Relationship

The avian trigeminal ganglion, which is embryonically derived from the neural crest and epidermal placodes, consists of two topographically segregated classes of immature neurons, large and small, during the second week of incubation, and two neuronal cell types, dark and light, interspersed throughout the mature ganglion. In order to establish the times of terminal mitosis of trigeminal sensory neurons, embryos were treated with [3H]thymidine during the first week of incubation and their ganglia fixed on embryonic day 11. The embryonically large, distal, placodal-derived neurons are generated between days 2 and 5, while the small, proximal, neural crest-derived neurons are formed mostly between days 4 and 7. By comparing the locations of labeled cells in ganglia treated with isotope but fixed on day 18 of incubation with their 11-day counterparts, we have proved that there are no morphogenetic rearrangements of neurons during the final week of incubation. Thus, no unique relationship exists between the two neuron types in the mature ganglion and the two cell classes in the immature trigeminal. Therefore, both the light and the dark neurons in the mature trigeminal ganglion arise from neural crest as well as placodal primordia.

scholarly journals Neuromesodermal progenitor origin of trunk neural crest in vivo

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martyna Lukoseviciute ◽  
Sarah Mayes ◽  
Tatjana Sauka-Spengler
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Single Cell Analysis ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Embryonic Cells ◽  
Cell Fates ◽  
Trunk Neural Crest ◽  
Bona Fide

AbstractNeural crest (NC) is a vertebrate-specific population of multipotent embryonic cells predisposed to particular derivatives along the anteroposterior (A-P) axis. While only cranial NC progenitors give rise to ectomesenchymal cell types, trunk NC is biased for neuronal cell fates. By integrating multimodal single-cell analysis we uncovered heterogenous NC cells across the entire A-P axis expressing NC regulator foxd3. We pinpointed to its specific cranial and trunk auto-regulated enhancers. The trunk foxd3 enhancer, however, did not mark the bona fide NC, but bipotent tailbud neuromesodermal progenitors (NMps). A subset of these NMp-derived pro-neural cells appeared to give rise to neuronal trunk NC in amniotes in vivo, suggesting that at least a portion of trunk NC progenitors with a bias for neuronal fates originated from NMps in vivo.

scholarly journals Brn-3a suppresses pseudorabies virus-induced cell death in sensory neurons

2007 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 743-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Geenen ◽  
Hans J. Nauwynck ◽  
Nick De Regge ◽  
Kevin Braeckmans ◽  
Herman W. Favoreel
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Major Target

Sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglion (TG) are of crucial importance in the pathogenesis of many alphaherpesviruses, constituting major target cells for latency and reactivation events. We showed earlier that a subpopulation of porcine TG neurons, in contrast to other porcine cell types, is highly resistant to cell death induced by infection with the porcine alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV). Here, we report that expression of Brn-3a, a neuron-specific transcription factor implicated in cell survival of sensory neurons, correlates with the increased resistance of TG neurons towards PRV-induced cell death. In addition, overexpression of Brn-3a in the sensory neuronal cell line ND7 markedly increased resistance of these cells to PRV-induced cell death. Hence, Brn-3a may play a hitherto uncharacterized role in protection of sensory neurons from alphaherpesvirus-induced cell death, which may have implications for different aspects of the alphaherpesvirus life cycle, including latency/reactivation events.

scholarly journals Dorsal and intermediate neuronal cell types of the spinal cord are established by a BMP signaling pathway

Development ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 127 (6) ◽  
pp. 1209-1220 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.H. Nguyen ◽  
J. Trout ◽  
S.A. Connors ◽  
P. Andermann ◽  
E. Weinberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Neural Tissue ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Bmp Signaling ◽  
Tail Bud ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Trunk Neural Crest

We have studied the role of Bmp signaling in patterning neural tissue through the use of mutants in the zebrafish that disrupt three different components of a Bmp signaling pathway: swirl/bmp2b, snailhouse/bmp7 and somitabun/smad5. We demonstrate that Bmp signaling is essential for the establishment of the prospective neural crest and dorsal sensory Rohon-Beard neurons of the spinal cord. Moreover, Bmp signaling is necessary to limit the number of intermediate-positioned lim1+ interneurons of the spinal cord, as observed by the dramatic expansion of these prospective interneurons in many mutant embryos. Our analysis also suggests a positive role for Bmp signaling in the specification of these interneurons, which is independent of Bmp2b/Swirl activity. We found that a presumptive ventral signal, Hh signaling, acts to restrict the amount of dorsal sensory neurons and trunk neural crest. This restriction appears to occur very early in neural tissue development, likely prior to notochord or floor plate formation. A similar early role for Bmp signaling is suggested in the specification of dorsal neural cell types, since the bmp2b/swirl and bmp7/snailhouse genes are only coexpressed during gastrulation and within the tail bud, and are not found in the dorsal neural tube or overlying epidermal ectoderm. Thus, a gastrula Bmp2b/Swirl and Bmp7/Snailhouse-dependent activity gradient may not only act in the specification of the embryonic dorsoventral axis, but may also function in establishing dorsal and intermediate neuronal cell types of the spinal cord.

scholarly journals Dynamic Instability of Dendrite Tips Generates the Highly Branched Morphologies of Sensory Neurons

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonal Shree ◽  
Sabyasachi Sutradhar ◽  
Olivier Trottier ◽  
Yuhai Tu ◽  
Xin Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Stochastic Dynamics ◽  
Dynamic Instability ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Dendritic Morphology ◽  
Dendrite Morphology ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Neuronal Dendrites ◽  
The Brain

The highly ramified arbors of neuronal dendrites provide the substrate for the high connectivity and computational power of the brain. Altered dendritic morphology is associated with neuronal diseases. Many molecules have been shown to play crucial roles in shaping and maintaining dendrite morphology. Yet, the underlying principles by which molecular interactions generate branched morphologies are not understood. To elucidate these principles, we visualized the growth of dendrites throughout larval development of Drosophila sensory neurons and discovered that the tips of dendrites undergo dynamic instability, transitioning rapidly and stochastically between growing, shrinking, and paused states. By incorporating these measured dynamics into a novel, agent-based computational model, we showed that the complex and highly variable dendritic morphologies of these cells are a consequence of the stochastic dynamics of their dendrite tips. These principles may generalize to branching of other neuronal cell-types, as well as to branching at the subcellular and tissue levels.

scholarly journals The transcription factor Tfap2e/AP-2ε plays a pivotal role in maintaining the identity of basal vomeronasal sensory neurons

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M Lin ◽  
Ed Zandro M Taroc ◽  
Jesus A Frias ◽  
Aparna Prasad ◽  
Allison N Catizone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Control Cell ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Vomeronasal Organ ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Protein Subunit ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Vomeronasal Sensory Neurons

The identity of individual neuronal cell types is defined by the expression of specific combinations of transcriptional regulators that control cell type-specific genetic programs. The epithelium of the vomeronasal organ of mice contains two major types of vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs): 1) the apical VSNs which express vomeronasal 1 receptors (V1r) and the G-protein subunit Gαi2 and; 2) the basal VSNs which express vomeronasal 2 receptors (V2r) and the G-protein subunit Gαo. Both cell types originate from a common pool of progenitors and eventually acquire apical or basal identity through largely unknown mechanisms. The transcription factor AP-2ε, encoded by the Tfap2e gene, plays a role in controlling the development of GABAergic interneurons in the main and accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), moreover AP-2ε has been previously described to be expressed in the VSNs. Here we show that AP-2ε is expressed in postmitotic VSNs after they commit to the basal differentiation program. Loss of AP-2ε function resulted in reduced number of basal VSNs and in an increased number of neurons expressing markers of the apical lineage. Our work suggests that AP-2ε, which is expressed in late phases of differentiation, is not needed to initiate the apical-basal differentiation dichotomy but for maintaining the basal VSNs' identity by preventing the expression of apical genes. Moreover, our data suggest that differentiated VSNs of mice retain a notable level of plasticity.

scholarly journals Epibranchial ganglia orchestrate the development of the cranial neurogenic crest

2010 ◽  
Vol 107 (5) ◽  
pp. 2066-2071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Coppola ◽  
Murielle Rallu ◽  
Juliette Richard ◽  
Sylvie Dufour ◽  
Dieter Riethmacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cellular Mechanism ◽  
Visceral Afferents ◽  
Biological Engineering ◽  
Parasympathetic Ganglia ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
And Control ◽  
Neuronal Type

The wiring of the nervous system arises from extensive directional migration of neuronal cell bodies and growth of processes that, somehow, end up forming functional circuits. Thus far, this feat of biological engineering appears to rely on sequences of pathfinding decisions upon local cues, each with little relationship to the anatomical and physiological outcome. Here, we uncover a straightforward cellular mechanism for circuit building whereby a neuronal type directs the development of its future partners. We show that visceral afferents of the head (that innervate taste buds) provide a scaffold for the establishment of visceral efferents (that innervate salivatory glands and blood vessels). In embryological terms, sensory neurons derived from an epibranchial placode—that we show to develop largely independently from the neural crest—guide the directional outgrowth of hindbrain visceral motoneurons and control the formation of neural crest–derived parasympathetic ganglia.

scholarly journals Biophysics and Modeling of Mechanotransduction in Neurons: A Review

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 323
Author(s):  
Martina Nicoletti ◽  
Letizia Chiodo ◽  
Alessandro Loppini
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Molecular Processes ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Mechanosensitive Ion Channels ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Intracellular Organelles

Mechanosensing is a key feature through which organisms can receive inputs from the environment and convert them into specific functional and behavioral outputs. Mechanosensation occurs in many cells and tissues, regulating a plethora of molecular processes based on the distribution of forces and stresses both at the cell membrane and at the intracellular organelles levels, through complex interactions between cells’ microstructures, cytoskeleton, and extracellular matrix. Although several primary and secondary mechanisms have been shown to contribute to mechanosensation, a fundamental pathway in simple organisms and mammals involves the presence of specialized sensory neurons and the presence of different types of mechanosensitive ion channels on the neuronal cell membrane. In this contribution, we present a review of the main ion channels which have been proven to be significantly involved in mechanotransduction in neurons. Further, we discuss recent studies focused on the biological mechanisms and modeling of mechanosensitive ion channels’ gating, and on mechanotransduction modeling at different scales and levels of details.

scholarly journals Regulation of sarcomagenesis by the empty spiracles homeobox genes EMX1 and EMX2

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Pedro Jimenez-García ◽  
Antonio Lucena-Cacace ◽  
Daniel Otero-Albiol ◽  
Amancio Carnero
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Tumor Suppressors ◽  
Homeobox Genes ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Gene Expression

AbstractThe EMX (Empty Spiracles Homeobox) genes EMX1 and EMX2 are two homeodomain gene members of the EMX family of transcription factors involved in the regulation of various biological processes, such as cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, during brain development and neural crest migration. They play a role in the specification of positional identity, the proliferation of neural stem cells, and the differentiation of certain neuronal cell phenotypes. In general, they act as transcription factors in early embryogenesis and neuroembryogenesis from metazoans to higher vertebrates. The EMX1 and EMX2’s potential as tumor suppressor genes has been suggested in some cancers. Our work showed that EMX1/EMX2 act as tumor suppressors in sarcomas by repressing the activity of stem cell regulatory genes (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, MYC, NANOG, NES, and PROM1). EMX protein downregulation, therefore, induced the malignance and stemness of cells both in vitro and in vivo. In murine knockout (KO) models lacking Emx genes, 3MC-induced sarcomas were more aggressive and infiltrative, had a greater capacity for tumor self-renewal, and had higher stem cell gene expression and nestin expression than those in wild-type models. These results showing that EMX genes acted as stemness regulators were reproduced in different subtypes of sarcoma. Therefore, it is possible that the EMX genes could have a generalized behavior regulating proliferation of neural crest-derived progenitors. Together, these results indicate that the EMX1 and EMX2 genes negatively regulate these tumor-altering populations or cancer stem cells, acting as tumor suppressors in sarcoma.

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